Basic Introduction

What are alkanes?

saturated organic compounds (carbon atoms are filled w/ hydrogen atoms)

What is the formula for alkanes?

C_nH_2n+2

Name the Alkane: CH₄

Methane

Name the Alkane: C₂H₆

Ethane

Name the Alkane: C₃H₈

Propane

Name the Alkane: C₄H₁₀

Butane

Name the Alkane: C₅H₁₂

Pentane

Name the Alkane: C₆H₁₄

Hexane

Name the Alkane: C₇H₁₆

Heptane

Name the Alkane: C₈H₁₈

Octane

Name the Alkane: C₉H₂₀

Nonane

Name the Alkane: C₁₀H₂₂

Decane

What do alkenes contain?

contain at least 1 double bond

What do alkanes contain?

contain no double bonds

What is the name of C₂H₄? Draw it out; is it an alkene or an alkane? What’s the proper name?

Ethane; Alkene (has a double bond); Ethylene

What are Ethene & Ethyne?

They are unsaturated, don’t contain max amount of H⁺ atom per C atom

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

Saturated

Is a single, double, or triple bond the longest bond?

single bond

Is a single, double, or triple bond the strongest bond?

triple bond (think about breaking three pencils compared to one)

Are sigma or pi bonds stronger?

sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds

What is the bond order of a single bond?

BO = 1

What is the bond order of a double bond?

BO = 2

What is the bond order of a triple bond?

BO = 3

What is hybridization?

Count the number of atoms attached to the carbon atom & it’s number of lone pairs

What is the hybridization of C₂H₆? (Write it out)

Carbon is attached to 4 atoms, so s¹p³

How do you calculate formal charge?

formal charge is the number of valence electrons of the element minus the number of bonds and dots attached to the element

Fc = Ve - (B + d)

Calculate the formal charge of CH₃

Fc = 4 - (3 + 0) = +1 (can be positive (cation), neutral (radical) or negative (anion))

How do you calculate lone pairs?

Lone pair is the non-bonding electrons (because not attached to an atom)

1 bond = 2 bonding electrons

What is a carbonyl group?

C double bonded to O

What is C single bonded to C?

Alkane (only carbon-carbon bonds)

What is C double bonded to C?

Alkene (at least one carbon-carbon double bond)

What is C triple bonded to C?

Alkyne (at least one carbon-carbon triple bond)