LING 313 W4: Airstream Mech

what are two pieces of info we need to know about airstream

1. who’s the mover (casing air to move?)

2. in what direction is the air moving?

what are the 3 structures that cause air to move?

1. lungs

2. vocal folds

3. tongue

lungs

pulmonic airstream

vocal folds

glottal airstream

tongue

velaric airstream

what are the two directions air can flow

1. egressive

2. ingressive

egressive mechanism

from inside to outside the body

ingressive mechanism

from outside to inside of the body

pulmonic egressive

most consonants and vowels in the core IPA chart

(nonpulmonic) glottal ingressive

implosives

(nonpulmonic) glottal egressive

ejectives

(nonpulmonic) velaric ingressive

clicks

A

Boyle’s Law

pressure and volume are inversely proportional (assuming temp doesn’t change)

• pressure goes up, volume lowers

where does the volume and pressure happen within the vocal tract?

sub- vs supra-glottal

volumes numerical?

cm³

whats the volume for “from lung to lips when full”

~ 6500cm³

whats the volume of “from lung to lips when empty”?

~1500cm³

whats the average vocal tract volume?

~3000cm³

(supraglottal volume) when vocal tract is in neutral position, the volume b/w the glottis and the lips

120-160 cm³

(assumes raised velum and flat tongue)

volume for bilabial?

120-160 cm³

volume for alveolar?

70-100cm³

volume for velar?

30-50cm³

B

whats pressure?

• how tightly packed air particles are inside a space?

• the more squeezed the air is, the harder is pushes outward?

how phoneticians measure pressure?

cm H2O

whats cm H2O

how high that air pressure can push a column of water

whats the normal speech pressures?

around 3 to 15 cm H2O

pressure differences

• air only flows if pressure inside vocal tract is higher or lower than the outside room

what happen in terms of pressure for oral stops?

pressure equalisation

create a complete blockage

blockade

pressure gets equalised on the two sides (burst-like sound)

whats the pressure and volume eq.

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

P1 (initial pressure) is always given

whats P1?

P1 = atmospheric pressure, which we model as 1020 cm H2O

A

ejectives (glottal egressive)

• make closures at an oral and the glottal place

• move the larynx upward

whats the steps for ejectives

1. release the oral closure

2. release the glottal closure

ejectives are voiceless by definition

implosives

makes 2 closures: an oral closure and a partial glottal closure

lowers the larynx

whats the steps for implosives

lower the larynx

1. release oral closure

2. release glottal closure

what are the steps for implosives

1. closure of the lips

2. downward movement of vibrating glottis (air from the lungs continues to flow thru the glottis

3. little change in pressure of the air in the oral tract

4. lips come apart (allow for P equalisation)

what type of airstream are implosives

glottal ingressive

larynx lower? implosives or ejectives

implosives

larynx higher? implosives or ejectives

ejectives

does the strength of voicing in the VF vary?

YES

do implosives have strong voicing?

yes

What are the steps of producing clicks?

1. Back of tongue raised to form velar closure AND tongue tip up to form front closure

2. while both the anterior and the velar closure are maintained, the body of tongue moves down, decreasing the pressure of the air in the front part of the mouth

3. tip lowered so that air rushes into the mouth

4. velar closure released

what are the 2 closures that happen in clicks

at the tongue dorsum and tongue tip

can non-pulmonic sounds be nasalised? if yes, which one?

ejectives/implosives CAN NOT happen b/c P of the area that is created is where the glottis is and so for it to be nasalised, the velum is lowered which means there is no access to the nasal tract

clicks CAN happen since its at the tongue thus lowering the velum doens’t effect the production of the click

B

what are the 3 parameters to consider for voicing?

1. how far apart the vocal folds are

2. whether there’s a need to raise or lower

3. timing

• duration that a position is held

• timing relative to oral movements

contraction or relaxation of thyro-arytenoid muscles doesn’t directly cause vibrations

we orchestrate our muscles in the layrnx to create a condition

right amount of tense, stiffness, how close VF are

Bernoulli Principle

• air starts flowing thru the VF and blown apart

• but now the air pressure on the vocal folds is lower than the immediate sub and sup

  • pulls back the VF together

the low pressure of the VF, explain

as the air travels b/w the VF, the air is at the highest speed going b/w and which pulls the VF together

B

what is needed for voicing?

VF need to be in a ready position

sub glottal P must be in 2cm H2O greater than the supra glottal P to get air flowing fast enough

which is more prevalent, bilabial or velar implosives

bilabial; easier to make aerodynamically

relative pressure is how much higher it is than the outside air