Human Development Unit 2 Psych

If an animal does not learn a particular skill during its critical period, can that skill be learned later?

YES, depending on the skill. Will never be normal.

Why is it difficult to learn how to speak a foreign language at an older age?

Foreign sounds were never reinforced during infancy.

What conclusion about language can be drawn after observing 13-year old “Genie” learning how to speak?

She learned language in the same step-by-step process. Can only be learned correctly during the critical period.

What is the best definition of maturation?

The automatic, orderly, and sequential process of physical and mental development.

If parents never “trained” their children to walk, would these children walk normally?

Yes, you’re born with the ability to walk.

Development within a species is both ____ and _____

Orderly, specific

Nature refers to _____, whereas nurture refers to ______

Heredity, environment

If violence is caused mainly by nature, this would mean that violence was ______

inherited

True or false: It’s usually possible through training to speed up a species developmental timetable by quite a bit.

False, you cannot speed up development (by a lot if anything)

True or false: Once an ability is inherited, can the environment affect the ability?

True, ex; Genie

True or false: The reproductive system develops slower than the brain.

True, 90% of your brain is developed, gaining the 10% in your 20s.

Who did his research in moral development?

Kohlberg

Who did his research in imprinting?

Loren

Who did his research in cognitive development?

Piaget

What are the most critical years for language development?

Birth to 7 years old

How many words does the average adult use?

10,000

How many words does the average 2 year old use?

300

How many words does the average 3 year old use?

1,000

How many words does the average 6 year old use?

5,000

List the 8 most critical things one should do as a parent in teaching your children language: (just need to be able to name 3)

Be very verbal; talk almost constantly

Leave the tv/radio on most of the time (music is good too)

Read aloud; content doesn’t matter (until 3-4)

Reversibility is established at the beginning of this stage…

Concrete operations stage

Object permanence is established at the beginning of this stage…

Pre-operational stage

Highly symbolic thought is now possible in this stage…

Formal operations stage

Sensation and movement are very important in this stage… (hint: it’s in the name)

Sensorimotor stage

Conversation skills are not quite established in this stage…

Pre-operational stage- knowing words but not being able to hold convo

Language develops at a rapid rate in this stage…

Pre-operational stage- understanding words quickly

Logical and philosophical thinking takes place in this stage…

Formal operations stage- abstract thinking

Conversation skills become easier in this stage…

Concrete operations stage- learning how to talk better with others

Reversibility is difficult, if not impossible in this stage…

Pre-operational stage- understanding ex; a tied shoe can be untied

“Right” is defined as gaining the approval of others in this stage…

Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships

Right is defined as, “following one’s personal ethics, respecting others rights, and putting yourself in someone else’s shoes.” in this stage…

Stage 6: Universal moral principles

“Right” is defined as not getting punished in this stage…

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience

A person is extremely self-centered in this stage…

Stage 2: Individualism and exchange

George is nice to his younger sister because his parents will withhold his allowance if he isn’t.

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience; doing something b/c of punishment otherwise.

If you talk like that to him again, I’m going to punch you out!

Stage 5: Social contract

“Remember Red, hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things, and no good thing ever dies.”

Stage 6: Universal moral principles; thinking philosophically

“I believe in two things: discipline and the Bible. here you’ll receive both. Put your trust in the Lord; your ___ belongs to me. Welcome to Shawshank.”

Stage 4: Law and Order; following rules

“Sometimes it makes me sad, though… Andy being gone… I guess I just miss my friend.”

Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships; good behavior and good friends

Hey, what about me? Crazy old fool near cut my throat!

Stage 2: Individualism and exchange; thinking about himself

“I’m going to do it. Maybe someday I’ll need a favor.”

Stage 2: Individualism and exchange; doing something for your gain

You slam on the brakes and slow down when you see a police car.

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience; police = following rules

I’ve got three businesses going bad while we’re stuck in here, so let’s get this over and get out of here!

Stage 2: Individualism and exchange; thinking about yourself in the situationSte

Stealing is wrong- period. We are obligated to obey was if we want to live in a civilized world.

Stage 4: Law and order; following law exact.

I kept putting myself in the kid’s place. I think I would have wanted another lawyer.

Stage 6: Universal moral principles; putting yourself in another’s shoes

I don’t think stealing is right, but in certain emergencies or life and dearth situations, I might steal something.

Stage 5: Social contract; having leeway on laws or rules

I’m not going to skip class because I’ll get detention.

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience: being good because otherwise punishment

True or false: Parents can teach a child to walk very early by constant practice

False, practicing doesn’t speed up development

True or false: Language develops in a young child differently in different cultures.

False, language is taught the same and by the same process

True or false: Females have faster growth cycles than males

False, cycles just happen differently

True or false: Critical periods apply to all animals but humans

False, humans have critical periods too

True or false: Imprinting is affected by chemical changes in the body

True, ex; Loren

True or false: The environment plays the most critical role in speech development

True, you must be taught language

True or false: Humans are the only creatures known to communicate

False, animals communicate too, just not verbally

True or false: Infants are born with a blueprint for all speech sounds

True, they’re able to be taught any language

True or false: Piaget’s ages for his stages are an absolute and as soon as a child turns a certain age, they move to the next stage.

False, the stages don’t follow an exact timeline