aice us 2.2

when did world war 1 begin

1914

where was the locations of world war 1

mostly europe

middle east

africa

what type of warfare was used in ww1

trench

chemical

submarine

what were the causes of wwi in europe

nationalism

militarism

alliances

nationalism

intense national pride led major powers to act aggressively to protect their status

militarism

belief that a strong military is key to national success; arms race to stockpile weapons

alliances

agreements between two nations to support each other in case of war

allies (the triple entente)

great britain

france

russia

central powers

germany (Kaiser Willheim II), austria-hungary, italy

what did president wilson declare

neutrality

neutrality

us would not support either side

what was wilsons original plan

stay out of the war

wilson’s original plan - staying out of the war

neutrality

1915 picking sides

attempts at peace

1915 picking sides

US began making war time products to sell to the Allies and American banks start loaning millions of dollars to allies. The US also stops trading with central powers

attempts at peace

• Wilson reached out to Germany and pleads for peace

• Germany says they will sink any ship (war or civilian) that floats in British waters

• Wilson says we will not tolerate this, but we will wait for “actual overt acts”

causes for us involvement

unrestricted submarine warfare

zimmerman telegram

unrestricted submarine warfare

1914 - britain places a naval blockade to prevent food from entering germany

as a result, germany used unrestricted submarine warfare

submarines were called U-boats

wilson orders the navy and army to prepare

what does unrestricted submarine warfare mean

policy of sinking enemy ships, including merchant ships without regard of the lives of it’s passengers

u-boats

german “under sea” boats

sinking of the lusitania

occured may 1915

british cruise liner full of british and american civilians sink off the coast of ireland (128 americans die)

wilson asks germany to stop — they agree —- but still sink merchant ships

mobilization

committee on public information

george creel

1st on the agenda

committee on public information

created to generate public support for the war

george creel

used hollywood studios and posters to potray the war as a moral mission to protect democracy and humanity abroad

1st on the agenda

get americans to support US involvement and do their part through a massive propaganda campaign to et americans to help on the home front

propaganda

communication designed to influence the audience to support a political agenda by spreading ideas, information or rumors in a way that appeals to the peoples beliefs

main purposes of propaganda during wwi

justfiy us participation in the war (demonize the enemy)

build up the military

fund the war

reinforce rationing

conscription

justfiy us participation in the war (demonize the enemy)

american propaganda potrayed the war as a battle between democracy and imperialistic tyranny

germany was dehumanized so it seemed like a battle against monsters, not a nation

dehumanize

potray as less than human or as an animal

build up the military

recruit men and women into the military service

for men, it was the army or navy (emphasized military as a masculine duty)

for women, it was general military but noncombat roles (ex. nurses, clerks, truck drivers)

fund the war

americans would be encouraged to fund the war effort through the purchase of liberty bonds aka victory loans (also purchased to give federal government more money to fight the war)

purchasing these was viewed as a patriotic act

liberty bonds

war bonds sold to the american public

reinforce rationing

rationing was a crucial part of war effort

businesses could be forbidden from selling certain products that might be in short supply

FDA encouraged American to limit the consumption of wheat, meat, and sugar

americans were encouraged to plant victory gardens and substitute alternative items for ones in short supply

rationing

controlling the amount of a good that can be purchased or used in a given period

victory gardens

regular gardens planted in private homes and public parks in order to increase food production during a war

conscription

us army was small so the selective service act of may 18 1917 was enforced

more than two million volunteer and enlistees fought with the US military in europe alongside around 2.8 million drafted men

conscription was also used in the cold war, but mostly other times were recruited volunteers

selective service act of may 18 1917

men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service

what does conscription mean

military enlistment mandated by the government; also known as the draft

american expeditionary force (AEF)

american forces sent to help the french and british armies

soldiers known as dough boys

who led the american expeditionary force

general john pershing

what did experiences for white men & women on the war front depend on

where a solider fought and their race

western front

trench warfare —- western side of france controlled by germany

men on the war front

experienced slow fought battles and terrible living conditions

only 20 percent of us soldiers fought here

no mans land

no mans land

ground between the trenches

what did african americans on the homefront do

migrate

the great migration

the movement of more than 6 million african americans from the south to cities in the north and west from the 1910s to 1970s

why did AAs migrate

escape jim crow and lynchings

labor shortage — war stopped immigrants and large amounts of men will join the military — opened up job opportunities for african americans

NYC’s african american population grew by 250 percent

what did experiences on the war front for african americans depend on

which country they fought alongside

american armed forces

heavily shaped by discrimination, military was segregated

french army

not segregated and treated black soldiers as equal

african american war front

more than 400k african american men will enlist voluntarily

black troops often assigned to non combat service and labor jobs

civil rights groups will fight for combat assignments - war department will create two all black units

harlem hell fighters

369th infantry

spent more than 191 days on the front line (more than any other unit)

black devils

only unit commanded by black officers

african american war heros

henry johnson

aaron r. fisher

henry johnson

fought off 20 german soldiers and saved the life of one american, armed only with a knife

aaron r. fisher

most highly decorated african american in world war 1

native americans

integrated into the aef with white soldiers and saw combat

service will be a step to citizenship in 1924

what were native american’s jobs

scouting, snipers, and code talkers

code talkers

use thier indigenous language to send messages — germany couldnt figure it out

joseph oklahombi

Choctaw code talker

most decorated native american of the war

otis leader

Choctaw code talker

awarded the Croix de Guerre twice

General Pershing called him “war’s greatest fighting machine”

zimmerman telegram

1917 - germany sends a telegram to mexico that proposed a military alliance between the two if the us should enter war

the deal: if mexico attacks the us from the south they will get the land lost in the Mexican-American war back (once germany wins the war)

the british intercept the telegram and tell wilson

americans now felt the threat of war

when did the us enter the war

april 2, 1917

april 2, 1917

wilson asks congress to approve declaration of war against germany

wilson’s official reasons to declare war

unrestricted submarine warfare

threat to commerce

moral diplomacy - need to protect democracy from an aggressive tyranny

tyranny

government ran by one person with unlimited power

growth of anti-german american sentiment

1919 - 9 percent of US population were german (some supported germany in the war, others didnt)

german american discrimination

many accused of being spies trying to sabotage us manufacturing

german classes in school were cancelled

ppl w german sounding names were assaulted and stores were boycotted

german named foods were renamed

civil liberties

protections from the government found in the Bill of Rights (1st amendment - freedom of speech)

limitations on civil liberties

espionage act of 1917

sedition act of 1918

espionage act of 1917

banned anti government (war) speech in newspapers, pamphlets, and mailings from circulation

sedition act of 1918

banned any disloyal language about the us government, the constitution, the armed forces, the flag, or the uniform

home front

civilian population of a nation at war

womens roles on the home front

volunteer in organizations like the red cross

volunteered at veterans hospitals

organized fundraisers

planted victory gardens

red cross

prepared medical supplies, meals, and snacks

women’s land army

focused on ways to ration food

women’s work while men were at war

munitions factories

bank clerks

railroad workers

munitions factories

military weapons

war front

where the war is happening

women’s jobs in the military

not officially enlisted, held noncombat jobs

women’s roles on the war front

hello girls

clerical workers

ambulance drivers

nurses and doctors

used for publicity to encourage patriotism

hello girls

telephone operators

fact about female wwi vets

will not be given official veteran status until 1979

grace banker

leader of the US Army Signal Corp

key in making sure french leaders could communicate with english

US Army Signal Corp

another official name for hello girls

julia catherine stimson

first woman to reach the rank of major in the army

supervised more than 10k nurses in france

african american women

not allowed to serve at all in the us military

many volunteered to join other allies in the french foreign legion

french foreign legion

branch of the french army

who were important figures in the young christian women’s association

addie hunton, kathryn johnson, and helen curtis

young christian women’s association (ycwa)

volunteered unpaid to go to france and managed “leave stations” where african american men could eat and drink

how did wwi change gender roles

it showed that women can be trained professionals and earned respect. women had more freedom after the war and could be placed in positions of authority

how did wwi impact the suffrage movement

the wwi made it recognized that women could be as capable as men, so it accelerated the approval of the 19th amendment