HNES 370 exam 2

This term refers to the number of years lived disease free

Health span

This term described the decreased absorption of amino acids and low MPS

Anabolic resistance

Two changes in gait often seen with age include

Slow walk speed

Wider steps

Stooped posture

This is the most predictive marker for frailty

Strength

You may be classified as frail by the Fried frailty phenotype if

Meet at least 3

Compromised energetics

Exhaustion

Weakness

Slowness

Low PA

At least 3 IADLs

Use a map

Prepare hot meals

Take meds

Manage money

Use a phone

Shop for groceries

BADLs

Bathe

Transfer

Dress

Eat

Toilet

Walk across a room

This strength measure can be an independent predictor of ADL limitations

Handgrip strength

Absolute HGS lower than this value may be a predictor of poor health outcomes

Females <16 kg

Males <26 kg

The most common way functional limitations are initially identified

Self report

These are 2 key physiological markers of Alzheimer’s Disease

Amyloid plaques and Tau Tangles

This form of dementia is associated with earlier onset changed in mood and decision making

Frontotemporal

These are possible screenings for dementia

Phone interview

MoCA

SLUMS

Mini-cog

Blood markers

The primary reason for dementia related deaths

Infection

Potential risk factors for dementia

Cardiovascular fitness

Education

Social and cognitive engagement

TBI and stroke

Sleep

Alcohol use

Morbidity

Strength capacity

Production of this neurotransmitter is depressed with Parkinson’s

Dopamine

This region of the brain is responsible for producing dopamine, atrophies with parkinson’s

Substantia Nigra

This symptom is necessary for the diagnosis of parkinson’s

Bradykinesia

The type of tremor occurs during voluntary muscle action

Action tremor

Two types of rigidity

Cog wheel

Lead pipe

The term describes low BMD that is not severe enough to classify as osteoporosis

Osteopenia

This bone is more drastically impacted by osteoporosis

Spongy bone

Takes 3-4 weeks for this process to occur in the bone remodeling cycle

Resorption/bone breakdown

Most common DEXA sites for BMD scans are

Hip and lumbar spine

T-score is required to diagnose osteoporosis is

-2.5

In addition to meeting ACSM guidelines, what PA practices are greater emphasized for older adults

Balance training

Exercise for older adults should prioritize what outcomes

Improved QOL and independence

Expert review has identified a protein intake of — as more adequate for older adults

1.0-1.2 g/kg

Its predicted that what % of US adults will be considered older adults by 2030

20%

Increased intake of this vitamin and mineral becomes more important with age

Vitamin D and calcium

Advancements in medicine have increased
the average lifespan

UK study predicts by 2050 25% of
adults will be 65 or older and ~25% of
babies born in the last 5 years will live
to 100

Muscle loss likely a big contributor to declines in

health with aging

Why does muscle loss occur?

Hormonal shifts
Anabolic resistance
Neuromuscular changes
Inflammation

What % of Americans are classified as weak

52.6%

What % of Americans are classified as having a
BADL limitation

16.5%

What % of Americans are classified as
having slowness

45.7%

Short distance walk- gait speed test

4-meters most common
Comfortable speed
speed:<0.8 meters/second

Long-distance walk

400-meter walk (also linked to endurance)
Track
20-meter hallway

Some have indicated frailty is from organ and biologic system failure

Testosterone
Markers of clotting

Hemoglobin
Micronutrient deficiencies
Mitochondrial dysfunction and ATP
Nervous system

Frailty index

functional limitations, morbidity, physical and cognitive
impairment, geriatric syndromes
• Considered more predictive of health outcomes

Functional Limitations- Risks

• Obesity
• Weakness and poor physical performance
• Age
• Household status
• Depression

Functional Limitations- outcomes

• Chronic and acute health condition
• Hospitalization
• Long-term care

Dementia

Classification of brain conditions that limit cognitive function for daily living interference

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

• Brain condition that causes memory loss, confusion, and problems in thinking
• Accumulation of β-amyloid outside neurons and tau tangles
• Most common form of dementia (60-80%

Alzheimer’ disease related dementias (ADRD)

Cerebrovascular
• Brain blood vessels are damaged; brain tissue is injured from lacking blood and related blood flow factors
Frontotemporal
• Frontal and temporal lobes shrink; other brain anatomy functions changes
Mixed pathologies
• Multiple forms are present

AD/ADRD- Domains of cognitive function

• Executive function
-Ability to complete complex tasks
• Language
• Memory
• Social cognition
- Understand social cues
• Perception
• Spatial ability
• Problem solving
• Naming/recognition

Parkinson’s Disease

Progressive neurodegenerative condition involving the extrapyramidal part of the nervous system, leading to impaired motor function
• Dopaminergic vs. cholinergic imbalance

Tremoring while at rest

Rest

Tremoring is involuntary, rhythmic tremoring

Essential

Tremoring sustains unwanted movements

Dystonic

Tremoring slow but large tremor that worsens at end of purposeful movements

Cerebellar

Osteoporosis

Chronic bone disorder from low bone mass and low bone mineral density

• often leads to fractures and hospitalization

• Caused by imbalance between osteoclast and osteoblast activity

Risk factors of osteoporosis

Age
Sex
Race
Family history
Alcohol Consumption
Smoking
Sedentary Lifestyle

Osteopenia PA risk

Reversible with diet and exercise
Resistance exercise encouraged

Osteoporosis PA risk

• Depends on severity
• Increased fracture risk (falls and spinal loading)
• PA is important but should be chosen appropriately