Micro eukarya and archaea learning goals

fungus subcategories (2)

filamentous fungus; yeast

are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic

heterotrophic

eukaryotes include all members of the ____ ____

domain eukarya

what are included in the domain eukarya (5)

animals, plants, fungi, algae, protozoa

do eukaryotes have a nucleus

yes

do eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles

yes

prokaryotes include all members of the ___ ___ and the ___ ___

domain bacteria; domain archaea

do prokaryotes contain a nucleus

no

do prokaryotes contain any membrane-bound organelles

no

what does the nucleus serve as in a eukaryotic cell

site of DNA replication and transcription

what purpose does the endomembrane system serve as in eukaryotic cells

permits compartmentalization of cellular activities; permits endocytosis and exocytosis of materials

what purpose does the mitochondria serve as in eukaryotic cells

site of cellular respiration

what purpose does the cytoskeleton serve as in a eukaryotic cell

extensive network of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that provides structure and support

what purpose does the cell wall serve as in eukaryotic cells

not all eukaryotes have a cell wall and structure differs in those that do have a cell wall

in eukaryotic cells that lack a cell wall, the ___ plays a crucial role in providing the cell with ___ and ___

cytoskeleton; structure; support

do fungi perform photosynthesis

no

what kind of cell wall do fungi have

chitin cell wall

are yeasts multicellular or unicellular

unicellular

are filamentous fungi multicellular or unicellular

multicellular

filamentous fungi include (2)

molds and mushrooms

what is a network of hyphae

mycelium

what are hyphae

long, branched projections of the fungus involved in food absorption

non-invasive fungi secrete ___ ___ to break down and absorb plant and animal material

digestive enzymes

parasitic fungi have ___ that can penetrate the tissues of its host and steal nutrients directly from the host

haustoria

some fungi are ___ and can alternate between a ___ and ____ form

dimorphic; yeast; filamentous

most dimorphic fungi cause disease when in the ___ form

yeast

are algae unicellular or multicellular

they can be either

algae are classified primarily on their ___ and ___ ___ ___

pigmentation; cell wall composition

are there any disease causing algae

no

do algae perform photosynthesis

yes

are protozoa unicellular or multicellular

unicellular

do protozoa have a cell wall

no

protozoa metabolic way

chemoheterotrophs

can protozoa perform photosynthesis

a few can

some protozoa will express a cell wall when in ___ form

cyst

what are the 4 categories of protozoa

ameba, alveolate, trypanosome, and metamonad

what are the three categories of alveolate

ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans

are most protozoa motile?

yes

what form of motility do ciliates have

cilia

what form of motility do dinoflagellates have

flagella

what motility do apicomplexans have

no motility

all protozoa produce ___

trophozoites

trophozoites are in the ___ ___ ___

active feeding stage

some protozoa produce ___

cysts

cysts are produced in ___ stage for ___ conditions

resting; unfavorable

how do most protozoa reproduce

asexually through binary fission

some protozoa reproduce by performing __

schizogony

what is the causative agent of malaria

plasmodium

what is an example of a protozoan that uses schizogony

plasmodium

release of ___ into the body corresponds with the cyclic fever and chills characteristic of malaria

merozoites

multiple mitoses form multinucleate ___

schizont

after cytokinesis results uninucleate ___

merozoites

archaeons “look” like __

bacteria

many archaea are what kind of Philes

extremophiles

are there any known archaeal pathogens

no

are all archaea extremophiles

no

are all extremophiles archaea

no

how big are Achaea

0.5-5 micrometers

where is DNA found in archaea

nucleoid

what does DNA look like in archaea chromosome

single, circular chromosome

are histones present in archaea phyla

yes

are archaean and eukarya histones identical

no

archaea are more closely related to ___ than ___

eukarya; bacteria

G1P is functionally similar to ___

G3P

G1P and G3P require different ___ for synthesis

enzymes

what is the plasma membrane of archaea like (layers)

bilayer

in the archaeal plasma membrane, ___ ___ hook together and strengthen the membrane

branched isoprenoids

what is an archaeosome

a liposome made from archaeal lipids

what structure is a potential drug delivery vesicle

archaeosomes

are archaeosomes more or less stable than liposomes made from bacterial/eukaryal membranes

more

some archaeal species form a ___ rather than a ___ that live in warmer environments

monolayer; bilayer

do most archaeons have a cell wall

yes

what are archaeal cell walls composed of

pseudomuerin

in bacteria, the membrane structure is a

phospholipid bilayer

in archaeons, the membrane structure is a ___ or ___ with a diverse ___ composition

bilayer; monolayer; lipid

what membrane structure do eukarya have

phospholipid bilayer

what kind of lipid linkage does bacteria have

ester linkage

what kind of lipid linkage does archaeons have

ester linkage

what kind of lipid linkage does eukarya have

ester linkage

what kind of lipid chains does bacteria have

straight fatty acid chains

what kind of lipid chains does archaeons have

branched isoprenoid chains

what kind of lipid chains does eukarya have

straight fatty acid chains

do bacteria have high or low abundance of proteins

high

do archaeons have high or low abundance of proteins

high

do eukarya have high or low abundance of proteins

low

most archaeons can be classified in either the ___ or ___ phylum

euryarchaeota; crenarchaeota

what are the 5 archaea phyla to date

euryarchaeota, crenarchaeota, korarchaeota, nanoarchaeota, and thaumarchaeota

what are the two euryarchaeota groups

methanogens and halophiles

what do methanogens produce and how

methane by reducing CO2 using Hydrogen

is there a lot or a little diversity in methanogens

a lot

are methanogens anaerobes or aerobes

strict anaerobes

what are the only known methanogen

archaea

halophiles require a ___ concentration greater than __ M

NaCl; 1.5