Western Civ Exam III

paul

-transformed Christianity from a Jewish sect into a more broad religious movement

-second founder of Christianity

-responsible for founding Christian communities throughout Asia Minor and along the shores of the Aegean

-changed his name from Saul ro Paul

Jewish Diaspora

spread of Jews among the gentiles after Babylonian empire

scattered in exile

Trajan

emperor

served as a military tribune

provided land and expanded the roman empire to become larger than ever before

radical and rapid expansion

expansion pushed past orders

ordered the creation of a momument

Hadrian

Trajan’s son

ended expansion

has a wall constructed to be a border

Diocletian

ruled east of roman empire

tried to make things traditionally roman again

saw christianity as a threat

largest persecution of christian

Tetrarchy

rule of four

emperors ruled half—east and west

junior emperors under each half

east was more prestigious

Constantine

slowly started to gain power steadily

defeated junior emperor

eventually brought rome back under 1 ruler

reversed debase(inflation)

kept the split of rome

edict of milan

can’t persecute people only because of their religious beliefs—made this illegal

council of Nicaea

to decide what should be the belief of christianity

Arianism vs Trinitarianism

arianism—jesus is the son of God but is also God, says 3 doesn’t equal 1, said Jesus is “God” the son but is a lesser being of God/not equal as the trinity

Trinitarianism—the holy trinity

factors for the decline and collapse of the western empire

-economic and military problems

-invasions and migrations intensify

Muhammad

“the last prophet”

kinda founded the muslim religion

saw an angel Gabriel and was told he was going to be the last prophet

preached about heaven and hell, salvation, sin, dietary restrictions, and the religion is universal

spoke against greed

his family and followers had to flee

Preached to Bedouins which were his 1st audience

Qur’an

recitation of what God told Muhammad

Hadith

Muhammad’s story written by other people

5 pillars of Islam

Shahada, Salat, Sawm, Zakat, and Hajj

Sharia

islamic code of laws

Shi’a

second largest branch of islam

only muhammad’s decendants can be caliph

Sunni

caliphs should be selected by consensus

should have religious authority

Sufism

sufis

would perform mysticism—experience God’s presence

Hejira

flight from Mecca, first month in the calender

year of 622 is th 1st year

escape from Mecca to Yathrib

medina—city of the prophet (important)

Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties

abbasids were sunni, from baghdad and invented numbers

closely pattern administration of/similar to rome

Salic Franks

work of Clovis I

under the merovinigan dynasty

divided between Clovis I’s sons

power was viewed in jealousy

Merovinigan Dynasty

violent atmosphere

derived from Merovich

Clovis I

leader of the salic franks

became christian—after refusing—when he was close to destruction(his army), begged Jesus to save him and their enemies flee

Bishop of Rome/Pope

latin fathers: Intellectuals in the early church who wrote in latin

bishops couldn’t have wives

only God knew who would be saved or damned

later made doctrine of predestination

celibacy

Donation of Constantine

-building programs

-construction of a new city capital in the east

-endowed the city with a forum, large palaces, and amphitheater

-built churches

-new christianity began to play during this time

Petrine Doctrine

-based on the belief that the bishops of rome occupied a preeminent position in the church was grounded in scripture

-successor of saint peter—the first bishop of Rome

“Do Nothing Kings”

merovinigan dynasty

lost effective political order

“lazy kings”

Carles Martel

most important political development

served as mayor of the palace of the Franks

led troops that defeated an Umyaad muslim army at the battle of tours

Battle of Tours

between Franks and Umyaad Muslim army

caused the decline of the merovinigan empire

Mayor of the Palace

major dormus

chief officer of the kings household in the frankish kingdom

overshadowed the king

Pepin I

deposed the Merovinigan

assumed the kingdom of the frankish state for himself

Charlemagne

Charles the Great

pepin’s son

intelligent, wise

expanded the territory of the Carolinigan empire

carolinigan empire was his

Carolingian Dynasty

Pepin “the short” was the ruler of this

Carolingian Renaissance

religious schools created

standardized latin writing

carolinigan miniscule

uniform education

provided court administration

copied and adopted roman art and architecture

Louis the Pious

very religious

sons caused 3 wars

empire’s main threat were his sons, not looters and invaders

Treaty of Verdun

3 sons summoned by the pope

charles "the bald,” Louis, and Lothair were his sons

this split the frankish empire into 3 parts: western, eastern, and central

Edward the Confessor

was a terrible young king, later worried about his soul and confessed for days of his sins

Alfred the Great

king of wessex

only english monarch to be named “the Great”

laid groundwork for England, didn’t built it though

Danelaw

Alfred made this region

laws of the danes were laws of the land

swear an oath to loyalty and recognize Alfred as the king

Treaty of St. Claire sur-Epte

In Normandy

made Rollo the duke of normandy, in return he had to convert to christianity, recognize superiority of Charles III, and swear loyalty

William the Conquerer

became duke of Normandy

was a warlord

lwk shouldn’t have been the duke/not born from a christian marriage but its ok

Harold Godwinson

viking

was King Edward’s father in law—married to the King’s very young wife

told people Edward—while on his deathbed—told him he was king. says he changed his mind

became king harold II

was plotted against by duke william of normandy for his title

Battle of Stamford Bridge(North)

king harold gets across this bridge, smash vikings invade

in the midst of this, Duke William is invading the south

Between Harold and King Harold “Hardrada”

King Harold is killed by the other Harold(in the north)

Battle of Hastings

Other Harold Godwinson doesn’t have the same luck

knocked from his horse and drowned

Duke William becomes king

between Harold and Duke William

norman england era begins, anglo saxon ends

Harold Hardrada

was a hard/harsh king

king of norway

blood relative of edward the confessor

invaded north of england

army grows as he travels north

Pax Dei

Peace of God

Great Schism

Pope(west) v. Patriarch(east)

they excommunicate each other

caused byzantine empire decline because of the movement of people

Alexius Commenus

Byzantine emperor

he was a realist and thought logically

wanted to build the empire back up and restore it

paints muslims as the enemy as an attempt to get allies

wrote to the pope to ask for help which led to the origin of crusades

Seljuk Turks

moved into territories bordering Muslims and Byzantines

convert to islam

considered themselves politically different

fought byzantines

Urban II

Pope

received the plea of help from Alexius

gave bad people orders to kill other people

spread lies about Muslims to amp up the enemy narrative

Plenary indulgence

take this vow and actively try to honor it and this indilgence will be granted

this would be a way to clear their sins

if they help take the land, they can have it

Purgatory

a place where there is punishment for sins/process of expunging them but it is not like hell. preparation of cleansing sins before going to heaven

Crusade

religious pilgrimage

4 of them

1st one was the only one that succeeded

2nd: two kings led this, neither wanted to be led by the other, they split and the crusade was over

3rd: 3 kings led this, the peaceful one fell off of his horse and drowned, one leaves because he didn’t like the land, other works out a deal with Muslims

4th: complete disaster

What are the foundations for Petrine Doctrine?

-belief there is only one God

Bishop of Rome should hold a preeminent position in the church

How did the tetrarchy govern the late Roman Empire

Rule of 4

split in half

both halves had a king

under the kind, they had a caesar/assistant

made because it was believed that one man couldn’t rule such a large empire especially during looting and invasions

each of the 4 tetrarchs resided in a different administrative capital

What are the major differences between Christianity and Judaism

J: Yahweh/Jehovah—covenant—exclusive/only the chosen people and gentiles could be jewish—restrictive laws/customs—christianity’s appeal—Roman officials suspicious—rejected imperial cult—persecution

C: Yeshua bin Yuse—lesus or Jesus—christus/annointed—son of God—Redemption from sins—Inclusive/Universal—Proselytization

What are the five pillars of islam

shahada-profession of faith/creed—Allah and Muhammad is a prophet

salat: Pray facing Mecca

sawm: Fasting during month of Ramadan, the holiest month, can’t eat or drink

hajj: giving to the poor/almsgiving

Zakat: Pilgrimage to mecca during the month of ramadan, people from all over

What were the main consequences of the Treaty of Verdun

This split up Frankia. 3 sons got western, central, and eastern parts. Some were less fortunate that others. Central was the source of cloth and the person who ruled this was called the Holy Roman Emperor. Even though Lothair was the HRE, his brothers still didn’t listen to him. This caused political and linguistic divisions.

What is the concept of purgatory and how did popes use it as an incentive during the Crusades?

the concept of purgatory is not necessarily “hell” but a place for punishment of sins. Depending on what your sins were and how bad they were determined a person’s time in purgatory. After they’ve been in purgatory and expunge their sins, they will make it to heaven. Pope’s used this as a motivator so that they would be more willing to go on these religious pilgrimages to make things right. Almost like an eye for an eye. You sin but fight to get religious land back, we’ll call it fair and all is forgiven