Human science for intergrative nursing

What are the four pillars of the Nmc code ?

-prioritise people

-preserve safety

-promote professionalism and Trust

-practice effectively

Chain of infection

-pathogen (bacteria,fungi or virus)

-reservoir (people,animals,food,soil,water)

-portal of exit(body secretions, feces +coughing/sneezing)

-mode of transport (direct/indirect contact and vector)

-portal of entry (mouth,nose,eyes,cuts in skin)

-susceptible host ( anyone venerable)

Infectious agent bacteria ?

• There’s good types and bad

• Can live in multiple environments (soil,food,gut)

• A single cell organism without a nucleus (procaryotic)

Infectious agent viruses ?

• one of the worlds smallest pathogens

• constructed of genetic material inside the protein molecule

• lives inside cells - multiplies- bursts

Eg- influenza

Infectious agent parasite?

• organism that lives off a host (food)

• Found in undercooked meat and insects (pork)

Eg, malaria

Infectious agent Fungi?

• an organism with multiple variants

• Can be harmful(candia) or helpful (penicillin)

• Fungal infections hard to treat and difficult to kill

• Treated mostly with tropical creams

What checks are done whilst assessing patients ?

• skin integrity ( bruising ? Pressure sores ? Dehydration ?)

• Bowl movements (passed urine, opened bowels)

  Use Bristol stool scale!

What is the Renel system ?

Organ system responsible for filtering blood, removing metabolic waste, regulating fluid, electrolyte and acid based balance in vertebrate animals

Cycle of the Biological male Renal System ?

• Blood enters kidneys via renal arteries where the kidneys filter the blood

• The blood leaves kidneys via renel viens

• The waste (urine) goes through the ureters down towards the bladder

• upon urination the contents of the bladder empties via the urethra

(Urethra is shorter in female rebel system)

Main function of kidneys ?

• works in function with the brain (mathematics)

• Managed blood levels

What performs functions of kidneys ?

Dialysis machines

How is blood volume maintained in the kidneys ?

Osmoreceptors (measure water and salt in our blood)

A hormone (ADH) is realised from the pituitary gland that controls how much water is reabsorbed

What’s the function of the pituitary gland?

• pea sized endocrine gland located at the base of the brain

• Supporting vital bodily functions and regulates the activity of the other hormone-secreting glands in the endocrine system

What’s the link with kidneys and fluid balance ?

• if blood is diluted kidneys will excrete more water

• If blood is concentrated kidneys will reabsorb water our brains (hypothalamus) will then consciously trigger thirst

Normal urine output for an adult ?

0.5-1ml per kg/hr

What’s the Net balance and when does it get calculated ?

Net balance = input-output

Calculated every 24 hours

Reasons for testing urine ?

• Suspected’s diabetes

• Infection of the urinary tract (uti)

• Infection of the kidneys

• Routine checks for preeclampsia in pregnancy

• Drug missuse

What do we measure for in urine samples ?

• Blood- if positive requires full MSU lab test.

• Protien- if pregnant is a sign of preeclampsia or infection

• Glucose- should not be in urine as 100% is reabsorbed back in- indicates diabetes

• White blood cells- infection

How are UTI’s contracted ?

• e.coli from the gut enters the urethra

(More common in woman due to the urethra being smaller so infection route is closer to bladder)

What’s the meaning of peripheral and central pulse?

Peripheral - arms and legs

Central- neck

Name of fast Heart rate/pulse ?

Tachycardia

Name of low heart rate/ pulse ?

Bradycardia

What’s included in a full set off obs ?

• Heart rate/Pulse

• Blood pressure

• Spo2 (oxygen saturation)

• Respiratory rate (one min)

• Temperature

• Acvpu

What is oxygen saturation referring to ?

• percentage of hemoglobin (iron containing protien inside red blood cells) in our red blood cells carrying oxygen compared to the total amount

What is the function of hemoglobin in our blood stream ?

• iron containing protein inside our red blood cells which transports oxygen from our lungs to the rest of the body and returns carbon dioxide from the body’s tissue back to the lungs

Explain the cardio respiratory system ?

• The heart is separated via the septum

• Superior atria (low pressure area) - receives blood back to the heart which has circulated the body.

• Inferior ventricles ( high pressure areas)- pushes blood back out into the body for circulation

• Each chamber has a corresponding valve which lets blood out but not back in

Difference between veins and arteries ?

• Artery= carrying blood away from heart(red)

• Veins = carrying blood towards the heart (blue)

What is the function of hemoglobin in our blood stream ?

What is ACVPU?

• Alert - awake and interacting

• Confusion- new or old?

• voice - responds when spoken too (eyes,verbal response or moves)

• Pain/ pressure

• Unresponsive

Glasgow coma score ?

• score used to calculate consciousness

• Measures three responses

  • eye movement (1-4)

  • Verbal response (1-5)

  • Motor response (1-6

• Total score = 3-15 ( low being bad)

• Used when assessing neurological status, head injury or acute illness

Name three functional mental health disorders

• psychosis

• Depression

• Anxiety

What is meant by an organic illness ?

• an illness which has a psychical impact on the brain eg. Dementia

  ( can be seen when conducting a ct scan)

Symptoms of depression?

• low mood (possibly low b12 levels)

• Low or no motivation

• Anhedonia

• Social withdrawal

• Feelings of worthlessness and guilt

Psychical symptoms of anxiety ?

• Tachycardia

• Shortness of breath

• Sweating

• Clammy/cold hands

What is bipolar ?

• episode mood disorder defined by the occurrence of one or more manic/ mixed episodes

Bipolar mania symptoms ?

• have to occur for several weeks

• High mood or increased activity

• Impulsitivity

• Decreased need for sleep or food

• Risk behaviour

• Grandiose behaviour/ thoughts

Psychosis definition ?

Significant impairments in reality testing and alterations in behaviour

What symptoms are added to patients with psychosis?

• hallucinations (auditory,visual)

• Delusions

• Thought insertion/ withdrawal

Symptoms of psychosis which have been removed from the individual ?

• anhednoia

• Lack of motivation

• Social withdrawal

What is PTSD ?

• post traumatic stress disorder

What are the symptoms of PTSD ?

• Re experiencing the trauma

-flashbacks

- Psychological distress due to ‘triggers’

• intensive fear, hopelessness or horror

• Avoidance

• Anhedonia

• Sleep difficulties

• Anger

What is personality disorder ?

• Failure to regulate emotions

When can u be diagnosed with personality disorder ?

24 years of age +

Symptoms of personality disorder

• intense anger

• Unstable self image

• Chronic feelings of emptiness