Patho Immunity Quiz

Lymphatic system →

blood is found in blood vessels and leaks into

interstitial fluid

what are two names for tissue fluid

interstitial fluid and intercellular fluid

where does plasma leave the capillary beds

at the arterial end

what is the role of tissue fluid

deliver nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells

what percent of the tissue fluid returns to the capillary bed as part of venus circulation

90%

what happens to the other 10% of the tissue fluid that doesn’t enter the venous circulation

it enters lymph circulation

what are the three primary functions of the lymph system

1\.) returns interstitial fluid/proteins to venous circulation

2\.) absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins transporting them to venous circulation

3\.) defense against invading microorganisms and disease

which WBCs are phagocytes

neutrophils and monocytes

what percent of WBCs are neutrophils and what is their function

60-70%, phagocytosis of bacteria, release antimicrobial chemicals

what percent of WBCs are monocytes and what are their functions

* macrophages: abundant in cytoplasm
* present antigens to other immune cells (dendritic cells)
* 3-8%

what percent of WBCs are eosinophils and what are their functions

2-4%

* moderate allergic reactions, attack parasites

what percent of WBCs are basophils and what are their functions

what is the function of natural killer cells

lyse cancer and virus infected cells

what percent of WBCs are lymphocytes and what are the two types

25-33%

* b lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

what is the function of a b lymphocytes

produce antibodies against foreign cells (-Ig- A, G, M, D, E)

what are the three types of T lymphcytes

cytotoxic, helper, t supressor

what is the function of cytotoxic T cells

bind to and attack infected cells

what is the function of T helper cells

stimulate other immune cells

what is the function of T suppressor cells

inhibit humoral and cell-mediated responses

nonspecific immunity is also known as what and involves which cells

innate (neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes)

specific immunity is also known as what and involves which cells

adaptive, (b-lymphocytes, memory and plasma) (T lymphocytes - cytotoxic T cell, CD8 and helper T cell, CD4)

what is a class I MHC

binds to endogenous antigen (CD8 Tc lymphcytes)

what is a class II MHC

binds exogenous antigen (CD4 TH1 or TH2)

general characteristics of T cells

have multiple copies of T cell receptors (receptors have variable site of antigen bonding)

how does the role of a T cell differ from that of a B cell

* t cells never produce antibodies
* T cells armed with effectors that interact directly with the antigen
* t cell receptor doesn’t react with free antigen
* antigen must be presented by APC

Helper T cells multiply and develop into cells that activate what

B cells and macrophages

helper t cells stimulate other T cells to do what

orchestrate an immune response

t helper cells have which marker

CD4, recognize antigen display by MHC class II only found on APC

cytotoxic T cells destroy what

cells infected with virus or intracellular microbe or cancerous “self” cells

what marker do cytotoxic T cells have

CD8, recognize class I MHC

humoral immunity is mediated by which cells

B lymphocytes

what binds to antibodies on the surface of a B cell

pathogen (bacteria)

only specific B cells are activated, which type of T cell conforms with helper T cells

T cell dependent

which type of T cell is activated without helper T cells

T cell independent

how many days does is take for plasma B cells to produce antibodies

3-5

characteristics of memory cells

* some cells of the clone do not produce antibodies
* primed for subsequent infection

what occurs during the primary immune response

activation of the adaptive immune response with first recognition of a specific antigen

what occurs during a secondary immune response

reactivation of the adaptive immune response with later recognition of the same antigen

what things can occur during a host defense failure

* antigenic variation
* viral latency
* antiphagocytic factors
* Immunodeficiency (primary and secondary)

what are types of viral latency

HIV, chicken pox and shingles

what is an example of something that would cause damage associated with inflammation

bacterial meningitis is d/t inflammation

what is damage associated with antibodies

antigen-antibody complexes

what are cross-reactive antibodies

antibodies produced in response to infection bind to bodies own tissues

what is a hypersensitivity

overly sensitive immune system

which types of hypersensitivities are immediate (few minutes-24 hours)

types 1, 2, and 3

which hypersensitivity is delayed (more than 24 hours)

type 4

what is involved in a local Type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy)

mast cells

* hay fever, exercise induced, asthma induced asthma
* causes vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, hives

what is involved in a systemic Type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy)

basophils

* pollen, dust, foods, bee venom, penicillin
* edema, vasodilation, hypotension

what is a type II hypersensitivity

cytotoxic reactions - body cells are destroyed

what is the sequence of events in a type II hypersensitivity

1\.) IgG/IgM antibodies bind to foreign cells

2\.) complement is activated leading to lyses by macrophages or NK cells

what are examples of cases that involve type II hypersensitivities

drug reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, mismatched blood transfusion

what type of reactions are type three

immune complex reactions

what is the sequence of events in an immune complex reaction

1\.) antigen-antibody complex deposition in vessels/vissues activates complements and triggers the inflammatory response

what are diseases that are examples of type III hypersensitivities

serum sickness, autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis)

what are complications if type 3 hypersensitivities are not treated properly

streptococcus pyogenes infections and strep throat, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis

what type of reaction is a type IV hypersensitivity

T cell-mediated immune reaction

what are the two types of type IV reactions

* direct cell mediated cytotoxicity
* delayed type hypersensitivity

direct cell mediated cytotoxicity sequence of events

Tc cells attack all infected cells with recognized antigens (liver damage due to viral infection)

delayed type hypersensitivity sequence of events

* Sensitization - dendritic cells collect antigen and activate T cells resulting in porduction of memory cells
* Elicitation - memory T cells are stimulated by antigen in dermis leading to increased permeability and swelling (contact dermatitis)

how long is it before a delayed hypersensitivity is observed and what are three examples

24-48 hours, TB test, transplant rejection, poison ivy

Autoimmunity

failure to distinguish self from non self

* causes damage to specific organs or entire system

during pregnancy there is a dramatic increase in which hormone

estrogen

B and T cells have estrogen receptors and a dramatic rise in estrogen supresses which response and stimulates which response

Th1 is supressed and Th2 is stimulated

what is Th1

complement activating (RA, IBD, MS)

what is Th2

Humoral (SLE, asthma, allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis)

Alloimmunity is frequently involved in

graft rejection

what is a hyperacute graft rejection

organ grafts: host T cells kill cells in graft with foreign MHC I and II

graft vs. host disease

bone marrow transplant: mature T cells in graft kill cells in host with foreign MHC I and II, results in type-IV

what are four alterations in immunity

* AIDS
* anaphylactic reaction
* systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
* Rh isoimmunization