Unit VII – Grand Theories and Middle-Range Theories- TFN FINALS

Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory

A nursing theory by Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain that focuses on understanding clients from their own perspectives and providing individualized care.

Modeling

The process by which the nurse understands the client's world from the client's perspective through acceptance and understanding.

Role-Modeling

The nurse's planning and implementation of individualized interventions based on the client's needs while accepting the person unconditionally and encouraging growth at their own pace.

Nursing in Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory

The holistic helping of individuals with self-care related to health through an interactive, interpersonal process that develops strengths and coping resources.

Nurturance

The integration of cognitive, physiological, and emotional processes to promote holistic health by understanding and caring for the client's thoughts, emotions, and feelings.

Unconditional Acceptance

Accepting and respecting the client as they are through empathy, helping them feel supported and mobilize resources for healing and adaptation.

Three Ways People Are Alike

Holism, lifetime growth and development, and affiliated individuation.

Holism

The whole person is greater than the sum of their parts; body, mind, emotions, and spirit interact as one unit.

Basic Needs

Needs are satisfied only when the individual personally perceives them as met.

Life Development

Growth that occurs through psychological and cognitive stages.

Psychological Stages

Stages involving emotional and social development; resolving each stage's crisis develops lasting strengths, attitudes, personality, and health.

Cognitive Stages

Piaget's four stages of thinking and reasoning: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations.

Sensorimotor Stage

From birth to 2 years; the first of Piaget's four cognitive stages.

Preoperational Stage

From 2 to 7 years; the second of Piaget's four cognitive stages.

Concrete Operations Stage

From 7 to 11 years; the third of Piaget's four cognitive stages.

Formal Operations Stage

From 12 years and above; the fourth of Piaget's cognitive stages.

Affiliated Individuation

The need for both support and connection with others and the ability to maintain independence.

Inherent Endowment

Each person's genes and inherited characteristics that influence appearance, growth, development, and responses to life events.

Adaptation in Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory

Responding to internal and external stressors in ways that promote health and growth by mobilizing coping resources without jeopardizing any subsystem.

Mind-Body-Emotion-Spirit Relationships

Humans are biophysical and psychosocial beings who strive to reach their potential; body, mind, emotions, and spirit are interconnected.

Self-Care

Knowledge, resources, and actions that help individuals achieve and maintain holistic health.

Self-Care Knowledge

Understanding what causes illness or limits growth and what promotes wellness, effectiveness, and personal development.

Self-Care Resources

Internal and external resources used to maintain, improve, and promote optimal holistic health.

Self-Care Action

The use of self-care knowledge and resources to achieve and maintain health.

Nursing Metaparadigm in Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory

The four concepts are nursing, person, health, and environment.

Nursing in Modeling and Role-Modeling Metaparadigm

The nurse is a facilitator, not an effector; the relationship is interactive and interpersonal, and the nurse helps clients identify, mobilize, and develop strengths.

Person in Modeling and Role-Modeling Metaparadigm

A patient receives treatment and instructions, while a client actively participates in care and decision-making.

Client as Decision-Maker

Clients are legitimate members of the decision-making team and retain some control over their care.

Client as Primary Data Source

The client is the primary source of data about their own experience.

Health in Modeling and Role-Modeling Metaparadigm

Physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity; a dynamic equilibrium among the body's subsystems.

Environment in Modeling and Role-Modeling Metaparadigm

Not identified as a separate entity; involves interactions between the self and others, influenced by individual and cultural factors, including biophysical stressors.

Health as Expanding Consciousness

A theory developed by Margaret Newman for people whose health cannot be defined only by the absence of disease or disability; it applies to everyone, whether ill or healthy.

Expanding Consciousness

The universal process of becoming more fully oneself, finding greater meaning in life, and developing deeper connections with others and the world.

Health in Newman's Theory

The pattern of the whole person, including disease as part of that pattern; an evolving person-environment pattern that increases the ability to recognize alternatives and respond in different ways.

Transformative Process in Newman's Theory

A process toward a more inclusive consciousness.

Consciousness

The person's capacity to receive information and interact with the environment.

Pattern in Newman's Theory

Information that reveals the whole person and the meaning of their relationships; characterized by movement, diversity, and rhythm.

Pattern Recognition

Recognizing insights, truths, or connections between seemingly opposite ideas, helping a person evolve toward a higher level of consciousness.

Three Correlates of Consciousness

Movement, space, and time.

Movement in Newman's Theory

Changes and activity within a person's pattern.

Space in Newman's Theory

The spatial dimension of a person's pattern.

Time in Newman's Theory

The temporal dimension of a person's pattern.

Health in Newman's Metaparadigm

Health and illness are interconnected; health emerges from the integration of disease and non-disease into one state of being.

Nursing in Newman's Metaparadigm

"Caring in the human health experience"; a partnership between nurse and client in which both may grow toward higher levels of consciousness.

Person in Newman's Metaparadigm

A unitary person who cannot be divided into separate parts and is inseparable from the larger universal field.

Person as a Center of Consciousness

Each person is a center of consciousness within the universal process of expanding consciousness.

Human Patterns of Consciousness

Individuals and humans as a species are recognized through their patterns of consciousness.

Environment in Newman's Metaparadigm

A universe of open systems, based on Martha Rogers' view of the environment as an integral part of the human-environment field.

Theory of Human Becoming

A theory by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse that focuses on quality of life as defined by each person and views humans as unitary beings who continuously interact with their environment.

Nursing in Human Becoming Theory

Nursing is a human science and art that helps people understand and live through their experiences rather than simply fixing their problems.

Three Major Themes of Human Becoming

Meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.

Meaning in Human Becoming Theory

People choose the meaning of situations based on personal experiences and how they interpret their world.

Rhythmicity

People and the universe continuously create rhythmical patterns of interaction and relationships.

Transcendence

People reach beyond self-imposed limits and continuously transform themselves through choices and experiences.

Three Principles of Human Becoming

Structuring meaning, configuring rhythmical patterns of relating, and cotranscending with possibilities.

Principle I: Structuring Meaning

People create the meaning of their reality through experiences, values, thoughts, words, and actions; some thoughts and feelings are conscious while others are difficult to explain.

Imaging

A person's personal interpretation of reality, meaning, possibilities, and consequences.

Explicit Knowing

Conscious and deliberate understanding.

Tacit Knowing

Knowledge understood without being fully expressed or consciously recognized.

Reflective

Thoughtful and deliberate.

Prereflective

Automatic or unconscious.

Valuing

How people accept or reject beliefs according to their personal values and worldview.

Valuing and Human Becoming

Living according to personal priorities expresses health and human becoming; nurses learn what matters most to clients by understanding their values.

Languaging

How people express their reality and values through words, silence, movement, or stillness.

Principle II: Configuring Rhythmical Patterns of Relating

People develop daily patterns of living and relating that reflect personal meanings and values, involving choices, connections, restrictions, and changes in relationships.

Revealing-Concealing

People reveal some aspects of themselves while keeping others private as they become who they are.

Disclosing-Not Disclosing

The paired concepts associated with revealing-concealing.

Enabling-Limiting

Opportunities and possibilities exist alongside limitations and obstacles; people choose among possibilities and live with the consequences.

Potentiating-Restricting

The paired concepts associated with enabling-limiting.

Connecting-Separating

People experience both closeness and distance in relationships; a person may feel connected to someone who is physically absent.

Attending-Distancing

The paired concepts associated with connecting-separating.

Principle III: Cotranscending with Possibilities

People continuously change and develop by choosing among possibilities in their attitudes, relationships, interests, and ways of living.

Powering

The inner drive to continue living and facing struggles despite hardships and threats; involves pursuing what matters while coping with loss, uncertainty, and challenges.

Pushing-Resisting

The paired concepts associated with powering.

Affirming-Not Affirming

The paired concepts associated with powering.

Being-Nonbeing

The paired concepts associated with powering.

Originating

People balance the desire to belong with the desire to be unique and create their own ways of living through choices amid certainty and uncertainty.

Certainty-Uncertainty

The paired concepts associated with originating.

Conforming-Not Conforming

The paired concepts associated with originating.

Transforming

People continuously change their perspectives and ways of living, integrating new or unfamiliar experiences with what is already known.

Familiar-Unfamiliar

The paired concepts associated with transforming.

Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model

A model explaining how individuals are motivated to improve health and well-being, recognizing that personal characteristics, past experiences, beliefs, and environmental influences affect health behaviors.

Goal of the Health Promotion Model

Encourage health-promoting behavior that improves health, functional ability, and quality of life.

Role of the Nurse in Pender's Model

The nurse identifies and modifies factors that influence behavior to encourage healthy lifestyles.

Health Promotion

Behaviors motivated by the desire to improve well-being and achieve one's health potential.

Health Protection

Behaviors intended to prevent illness, detect disease early, or maintain functioning despite illness.

Three Major Concepts of Pender's Model

Individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes.

Individual Characteristics and Experiences

Unique personal characteristics and past experiences that influence future health behaviors; previous behaviors may affect whether a person repeats or changes them.

Personal Attributes as Barriers

Personal attributes and habits that may prevent or make health behavior changes difficult.

Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect

Thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and social influences that affect motivation to change.

Components of Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect

Perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, and situational influences.

Behavioral Outcomes

The result of committing to and carrying out a health-promoting action; requires addressing barriers and supporting behavior change.

Goal of Behavioral Outcomes

Encourage behavior change that leads to positive health outcomes.

Personal Factors in Pender's Model

Factors influencing health behaviors, classified as biological, psychological, and sociocultural.

Biological Personal Factors

Age, sex, BMI, strength, endurance, and physical ability.

Psychological Personal Factors

Self-esteem, motivation, competence, perceived health status, and definition of health.

Sociocultural Personal Factors

Race, ethnicity, education, cultural background, and socioeconomic status.

Perceived Benefits of Action

Expected positive outcomes of performing a health behavior, such as improved cardiovascular health from exercise.

Perceived Barriers to Action

Expected or actual obstacles, difficulties, and costs associated with a behavior, such as lack of time or money to exercise.

Perceived Self-Efficacy

A person's belief in their ability to perform a health-promoting behavior; higher self-efficacy generally reduces perceived barriers.