Anatomy exam 1

What is human anatomy?

The study of the external and internal structures of the body and the physical relationships between body parts

What makes up the language of anatomy?

eponyms, nouns and adjectives

What is an eponym?

associated with the name of a person after whom a structure is named or thought to be named

What are examples of nouns and adjectives in the language of anatomy?

i.e., sternum (bone) vs. sternal (region).

What is the beginning in the language of anatomy?

prefix

shape, size, direction, color, part of the body

What is the middle in the language of anatomy?

root

often part of the body

What is the end in the language of anatomy?

suffix

can be = prefix

describe a test or a problem

What are examples of the language of anatomy, as a combination of beginnings, roots, and endings?

Encephalitis: Encephalo- brain; itis-inflammation.
Leukocyte: Leuko- white; cyte-cell.

What are the two subdivisions of anatomy?

microscopic

gross

What is microscopic anatomy?

The study of structures that
cannot be seen without
magnification

What is gross anatomy?

The study of structures and
features that are visible to
the naked eye

What are the ways to approach gross anatomy?

surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy

What is surface anatomy?

The study of general anatomical form

What is regional anatomy?

The study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body

What is systemic anatomy?

The study of anatomy base upon the body’s organ
systems

What are the levels of organization in order?

1. chemical

2. cellular

3. tissue

4. organ

5. organ system

6. organismal

What is the chemical level?

atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules combine to form the macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

What is the cellular level?

cells and their surroundings are made up of molecules

What is the tissue level?

Tissues consist of similar types of cells and associated extracellular material

What is the organ level?

An organ is a discrete structure made up of multiple tissue types (ie blood vessels, liver, brain, femur)

What is the organ system level?

An organ system is a unified group of organs and tissues that perform a specific function (ie cardiovascular system)

What is the organismal level?

The whole person is the most complex level of organization, the organismal level, resulting from the simpler levels working interdependently

What are the eleven organ systems covered in class?

a) integumentar

b) skeletal

c) muscular

d) nervous

f) cardiovascular

g) lymphatic/ immunity

h) respiratory

i) digestive

j) urinary

k) male reproductive

l) female reproductive

What makes up the standard anatomical position?

Standing with legs together, feet flat on the floor, with hands at the sides and palms facing forward

ventral/ anterior view

dorsal/ posterior

Ventral/ anterior view

Dorsal/ posterior view

What is the supine position?

on the back

a person lying down (face up)

What is the prone position?

on the belly

a person lying down (face down)

How is the abdomen divided?

abdominal quadrants

What are the abdominal quadrants?

right upper quadrant (ruq)

right lower quadrant (rlq)

left upper quadrant (luq)

left lower quadrant (llq)

What makes up the RUQ?

right lobe of liver

gallbladder

right kidney

portions of stomach

small and large intestine

What makes up LUQ?

left lobe of liver

stomach

pancreas

left kidney

spleen

portions of large intestine

What makes up RLQ?

cecum

appendix

portions of small intestine

reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male)

right ureter

What makes up LLQ?

most of small intestine

portions of large intestine

left ureter

reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)

What abdominal quadrant: right lobe of liver

right upper

What abdominal quadrant: gallbladder

right upper

What abdominal quadrant: right kidney

right upper

What abdominal quadrant: portions of stomach

right upper

What abdominal quadrant: small and large intestine

right upper

What abdominal quadrant: cecum

right lower

What abdominal quadrant: appendix

right lower

What abdominal quadrant: portions of small intestine

right lower, left lower

What abdominal quadrant: right ovary, right spermatic cord

right lower

What abdominal quadrant: right ureter

right lower

What abdominal quadrant: left lobe of liver

left upper

What abdominal quadrant: stomach

left upper

What abdominal quadrant: pancreas

left upper

What abdominal quadrant: left kidney

left upper

What abdominal quadrant: spleen

left upper

What abdominal quadrant: portions of large intestine

left upper

What abdominal quadrant: most of small intestine

left lower

What abdominal quadrant: portions of large intestine

left lower

What abdominal quadrant: left ureter

left lower

What abdominal quadrant: left ovary, left spermatic cord

left lower

What main organs are located in the Right Hypochondriac region?

Liver (right lobe), Gallbladder, and the right kidney.

What main organs are located in the Epigastric region?

Stomach, Pancreas, duodenum, and parts of the liver.

What main organs are located in the Left Hypochondriac region?

Spleen, stomach (body/fundus), and the left kidney.

What main organs are located in the Right Lumbar (Flank) region?

Ascending colon and the right kidney.

What main organs are located in the Umbilical region?

Small intestine (jejunum and ileum) and the transverse colon.

What main organs are located in the Left Lumbar (Flank) region?

Descending colon and the left kidney.

What main organs are located in the Right Iliac (Inguinal) region?

Appendix, Cecum, and the right ovary/fallopian tube (in females).

What main organs are located in the Hypogastric (Pubic) region?

Urinary bladder, Sigmoid colon, and the uterus/prostate gland.

What main organs are located in the Left Iliac (Inguinal) region?

Sigmoid colon (lower part), lower descending colon, and the left ovary/fallopian tube (in females).

1

right hypochondriac region

2

right lumbar region

3

right inguinal region

4

left hypochondriac region

5

left lumbar region

6

left inguinal region

7

epigastric region

8

umbilical region

9

hypogastric (pubic) region

top

subcostal line

bottom

trastubercular line

right

midclavicular line

left

midclavicular line

How to remember the vertical lines dividing the abdomen into regions?

midclavicular lines; follow the collar bone directly downwards

How to remember the two horizontal lines dividing the abdomen into regions?

top line: subcostal line (below ribs);

bottom line: transtubercular line (area of tubercules).

What does hypochondriac mean?

The term "hypochondriac" refers to the area of the abdomen located below the cartilage— ribs, specifically at the left and right sides of the epigastric region.

What does the axial region contain?

head, neck, and trunk

What does the appendicular region contain?

arms, hands, legs, feet

How are anatomical structures different between the anterior and posterior side?

ie. different: gluteal only on posterior, orbital only on anterior, pectoral only on anterior, and lumbar only on posterior.

anatomical region and area indicated of: cephalon

cephalic, head

anatomical region and area indicated of: cervicis

cervical, neck

anatomical region and area indicated of: thoracis

thoracic, chest

anatomical region and area indicated of: brachium

brachial, segment of the upper limb closest to the trunk; the arm

anatomical region and area indicated of: antebrachium

antebrachial, forearm

anatomical region and area indicated of: carpus

carpal, wrist

anatomical region and area indicated of: manus

manual, hand

anatomical region and area indicated of: abdomen

abdominal, abdomen

anatomical region and area indicated of: pelvis

pelvic, pelvis (in general)

anatomical region and area indicated of: pubis

pubic, anterior pelvis

anatomical region and area indicated of: inguen

inguinal, groin (crease between thigh and trunk)

anatomical region and area indicated of: lumbus

lumbar, lower back

anatomical region and area indicated of: gluteus

gluteal, buttock

anatomical region and area indicated of: femur

femoral, thigh

anatomical region and area indicated of: patella

patellar, kneecap

anatomical region and area indicated of: crus

crural; leg, from knee to ankle

anatomical region and area indicated of: sura

sural, calf

anatomical region and area indicated of: pes

pedal, foot