Helminths: Trematodes/Flatworms (Exam 2)

The acetabula are muscular ______ found on the oral or ventral surface of a fluke.

suckers

Cercariae is the stage that develops from ______ in a daughter redia.

germ cells

Cercariae are the final development stage in the ______ host.

snail

Digenea is a subclass that includes flukes found in ______.

humans/other mammals

Digenea have flattened, ______ shaped bodies.

leaf

Digenea have ______ acetabula.

2

Many digenea are ______.

hermaphroditic

Metacercariae is the stage occurring when a cercaria has ...

shed its tail, secreted a protective wall and encysted as a resting stage on water plants or in a second intermediate host

Metacercariae is the ______ stage of trematodes for humans.

infective

Miracidium is the ______ first stage.

ciliated

Miracidium are ______ larva which emerges from the egg.

free swimming

Miracidium must penetrate the appropriate species of ______ to continue its life cycle.

snail

Rediae are the second or third larval stage that develops within a ______ in the snail host.

sporocyst

Many rediae develop in one ______.

sporocyst

Each rediae gives rise to many ______.

cercariae

A schistosomule is an immature ______ in human tissues.

schistosome

The schistosomule is the stage after ______ has lost its tail during skin penetration.

cercaria

A sporocyst is the larval form that develops from a ______ in the snail intermediate host.

miracidium

A sporocyst is a simple saclike structure containing ______ that bud off internally and continue the process of multiplication, producing many resiae in sporocyst.

germinal cells

Swimmer's Itch is a ______.

Cercarial dermatitis

Swimmer's Itch is triggered by penetration of human skin, causing an ______.

allergic response

An operculum is an indistinct ______ on the pole end of the egg that contributes to the hatching process.

hinged hatch (left end of photo)

Copula

Male and female are distinct, but bound together and not separate

Common name of Fasciolopsis buski

Giant intestinal fluke

Common name of Fasciola hepatica

Sheep liver fluke

Common name of Clonorchis sinensis

Chinese liver flluke

Common name of Paragonimus westermani

Oriental lung fluke

Common name of Schistosoma mansoni

Manson's blood fluke

Common name of Schistosoma haematobium

Bladder fluke

Common name of Schistosoma japonicum

Oriental blood fluke

S/Sx of Fasciolopsis buski infection

Intestinal

Edema, eosinophilia, diarrhea, malabsorption, possible death

S/Sx of Fasciola hepatica infection

Tissue damage to the liver and bile ducts, jaundice and eosinophilia

S/Sx of Clonorchis sinensis infection

Liver

Jaundice and eosinophilia, long term impairment of liver function

S/Sx of Paragonimus westermani infection

Lungs

Chronic fibrotic disease (cough with blood tinged sputum)

S/Sx of Schistosoma mansoni infection

Granuloma formation around the eggs (in liver, intestine, bladder), toxic and allergic reaction, nephrotic syndrome

S/Sx of Schistosoma haematobium infection

Bladder colic with blood and pus, nephrotic syndrome, associated with bladder cancer

S.Sx of Schistosoma japonicum infection

Same as mansoni, more severe due to greater egg production

Granuloma formation around the eggs (in liver, intestine, bladder), toxic and allergic reaction, nephrotic syndrome

Fasciolopsis buski host order

Snail --> Aquatic plants --> Human

Fasciola hepatica host order

Snail --> Water vegetation --> Human

Clonorchis sinensis host order

Snail --> Freshwater fish --> Human, dog, cat, pig

Paragonimus westermani host order

Snail --> Freshwater crab --> Human

Schistosoma mansoni host order

Snail --> Human

Schistosoma haematobium host order

Snail --> Human

Schistosoma japonicum host order

Snail --> Human

For what trematodes are eggs in feces the specimen of choice for recovery?

- Fasciolopsis buski

- Fasciola hepatica

- Clonorchis sinensis

For ______, eggs in sputum or feces are the specimen of choice for recovery.

Paragonimus westermani

For ______ and ______ eggs in feces and rectal biopsy are the specimen of choice for recovery.

Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum

For ______, eggs in urine are the specimen of choice for recovery.

Schistosoma haematobium

What are the three basic morphological forms of the class Digenea?

Egg, larva, adult

The adult Fasciolopsis buski infects the ______.

small intestine

The adult Fasciola hepatica infects the ______.

bile ducts

The adult Clonorchis sinensis infects the ______.

bile ducts

The adult Paragonimus westermani is found encysted in the ______.

lungs

The adult Schistosoma mansoni infects the venules of the ______.

colon

Schistosoma mansoni eggs infect the ______

liver and tissues

The adult Schistosoma haematobium infects the venules of the ______.

bladder and rectum

The adult Schistosoma japonicum infects the venules of the ______.

colon

Schistosoma japonicum eggs infect the ______.

liver and tissues

For Fasciolopsis buski, ingestion of encysted ______ on ______ will cause infection.

metacercariae, raw vegetation

For Fasciola hepatica, ingestion of encysted ______ on ______ will cause infection.

metacercariae, raw vegetation

For Clonorchis sinensis, ingestion of encysted ______ in ______ will cause infection.

metacercariae, uncooked fish

For Paragonimus westermani, ingestion of encysted ______ in ______ will cause infection.

metacercariae, uncooked crab/crayfish

Schistosoma mansoni has a ______ spine.

lateral

Schistosoma haematobium has a ______ spine.

terminal

Schistosoma japonicum has a ______ spine.

small lateral

Describe the reproduction process for trematodes

Adult in sheep or human --> Egg in feces --> Miracidium in water --> Sporocyst, then redia in snail (first intermediate host) --> Cercaria in water --> Metacercaria in plant (second intermediate host)

Fasciolopsis buski egg

128-140um

Operculum at terminal end

Fasciolopsis buski adult

5x1.5cm

Fasciola hepatica is infectious in the ______ stage.

metacercariae

Fasciola hepatica egg

128-150um

Fasciola hepatica adult

2-3cm

Flat, leaf shaped, cone at the tip

Clonorchis sinensis egg

28-35um

Ovoid like a light bulb

Light brown with operculum

Comma-shaped appendage on posterior end

Embryonated

Clonorchis sinensis adult

2x0.5cm

Paragonimus westermani egg

85x55um

Oval, yellow-brown

Flattened operculum

Prominent shoulders

Thickening at opposite end

Unembryonated

Paragonimus westermani adult

0.7-1.2cm

Resembles a spoon

Lives in a fibrotic capsule in lung

All schistosomes only have the ______ as their intermediate host.

snail

A person must have contact with ______ to be infected by a schistosome.

water

Shcistosoma mansoni egg

114-180um

Elongate, ovoid, lateral spine

Found in stool

Schistosoma mansoni adult

Schistosoma haematobium egg

112-170um

Elongate, oval with distinct terminal spine

Found in urine

Schistosoma haematobium adult

Schistosoma japonicum egg

55-85um

Spherical with minute lateral spine

Found in stool

Schistosoma japonicum adult