Alterations in Male and Female Genital and Reproductive Function and STIs

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering alterations in male and female genital and reproductive function, obstetric complications, benign and malignant neoplasms, and sexually transmitted infections.

Micropenis

A congenital condition defined as a small, normally formed penis with a stretched length more than two standard deviations below the mean (less than 1.9 cm in a newborn).

Urethral Valves

Congenital mucosal folds that resemble thin membranes and cause obstruction when a child attempts to void.

Urethrorectal and Vesicourethral Fistulas

Rare congenital conditions associated with an imperforate anus, caused by failure of the urorectal septum to develop completely, resulting in persistent communication between the rectum and the urogenital tract.

Hypospadias

A congenital condition where the urethral meatus is located on the ventral undersurface of the penis or on the perineum.

Epispadias

A congenital condition where the urethra opens on the dorsal aspect of the penis at a point proximal to the glans.

Cryptorchidism

A congenital condition characterized by any testis that occupies an extra-scrotal position.

Erectile Dysfunction

An acquired disorder characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.

Premature Ejaculation

The most common male sexual dysfunction, defined as ejaculation that always or almost always occurs before or within 1 minute of vaginal penetration, alongside an inability to delay ejaculation.

Peyronie Disease

The formation of a palpable, fibrous plaque on the surface of the corpora cavernosa that causes curvature of the penis with painful, incomplete erections.

Urethral Strictures

Areas of fibrotic narrowing of the urethra usually composed of scar tissue, commonly caused by trauma or a prior infection such as gonorrhea.

Priapism

A painful, persistent erection lasting several hours, commonly caused by obstruction of venous drainage that leads to buildup of viscous, poorly oxygenated blood in the corpora.

Phimosis

A condition in which the uncircumcised foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans of the penis, usually due to inflammation and infection from poor hygiene.

Paraphimosis

A condition in which foreskin that has been retracted over the glans up onto the shaft of the penis cannot be replaced in its normal position.

Hydrocele

Fluid collection surrounding the testicle or spermatic cord and contained within the tunica or processus vaginalis.

Spermatocele

Painless cystic masses containing sperm.

Hypogonadism (ADAM / Andropause)

Androgen deficiency in the aging male, most commonly caused by primary testicular failure.

Varicocele

Abnormal dilation and engorgement of the venous structures in the scrotum that drain the testes, leading to blood pooling ("bag of worms") and potential male infertility.

Testicular Torsion

A medical emergency involving twisting of the spermatic cord with subsequent compromise of the testicular vascular supply and testicular ischemia, followed by infarction.

Epididymitis

Inflammation of the testis resulting from trauma, reflux of sterile urine up the vas deferens, or secondary to a bacterial infection (sexually or non-sexually transmitted).

Fournier Gangrene

A severe but rare condition involving gangrenous necrosis of the scrotum, often predisposed by underlying diseases such as diabetes or alcoholism.

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate characterized by low back pain, urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria; Escherichia coli is the organism most commonly associated with acute bacterial cases.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from an increase in cell size (hyperplasia) of the glands surrounding the prostatic urethra, caused by an age-related hormonal imbalance of estrogen and testosterone.

Prostate Cancer

The most frequent cancer in the male population, usually detected as an irregularly shaped lump or enlargement of the prostate gland.

Testicular Cancer

A rare but aggressive cancer occurring most often in young men aged 15 to 44, typically presenting as a hard, painless testicular mass and a heavy sensation in the scrotum.

Amenorrhea

The absence or suppression of menstruation in a female aged 16 years or older, or the absence of three or more consecutive periods.

Dysmenorrhea

Menstruation painful enough to limit normal activity or to cause a woman to seek health care.

Intermenstrual Bleeding

Bleeding occurring between regular menstrual cycles.

Hypomenorrhea

Deficient menstrual flow.

Oligomenorrhea

Infrequent menstrual bleeding.

Menorrhagia

Heavy menstrual bleeding.

Uterine Prolapse

Sinking or descent of the uterus from its normal position occurring when supporting structures, such as the uterosacral and cardinal ligaments, relax.

Retrodisplacement of the Uterus

Displacement of the body of the uterus from its usual location overlying the bladder to a posterior position in the pelvis (anteverted, mid position, anteflexed, retroflexed, or retroverted).

Cystocele

Protrusion of a portion of the urinary bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina at a weakened part of the vaginal musculature.

Rectocele

Protrusion of the anterior rectal wall into the posterior wall of the vagina at a weakened part of the vaginal musculature.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Any acute, subacute, recurrent, or chronic infection of the oviducts and ovaries with involvement of adjacent reproductive organs (including cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, and oophoritis).

Vulvovaginitis

Inflammation of the vulva (vulvitis) and vagina (vaginitis), frequently caused by Candida albicans infection.

Bartholinitis

Inflammation of the Bartholin glands manifesting with tenderness and swelling at the site.

Uterine Leiomyomas

Also called myomas or fibroids; the most common benign uterine growths that appear and grow during the reproductive years.

Ovarian Cysts

Sacs on an ovary containing fluid or semisolid material that can develop any time between puberty and menopause.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

A disorder caused by an imbalance of reproductive hormones that serves as a common cause of ovarian cysts, irregular periods, and infertility.

Endometriosis

The presence of endometrial tissue outside the lining of the uterine cavity, often presenting with dysmenorrhea 5 to 7 days before menses, dyspareunia, and pain with defecation.

Cervical Cancer

A genital neoplasm primarily caused by certain HPV types that can be detected in early, curable stages via the Papanicolaou (Pap) test.

Endometrial Cancer

Cancer of the endometrial lining of the uterus, typically presenting with bleeding between menstrual periods or postmenopausal bleeding.

Ovarian Cancer

The leading cause of death from genital cancer in women, with a peak incidence occurring between 60 and 80 years of age.

Pre-eclampsia (Toxemia)

Pregnancy-induced hypertension typically occurring in the 3rd trimester, characterized by a rapid rise in arterial blood pressure, large amounts of protein in the urine, and extremity edema.

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Excessive vomiting during pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, hepatic and renal damage, encephalopathy, and potentially death.

Placenta Previa

An abnormal condition where the placenta implants over the internal cervical os, either partially or completely covering the opening.

Abruptio Placentae

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, which may be partial or complete and cause overt or concealed hemorrhage.

Spontaneous Abortion

The expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus before the period of fetal viability, typically occurring before 20 weeks of gestation.

Mammary Duct Ectasia

A chronic inflammatory process (periductal mastitis) in and around the terminal subareolar ducts of the breast where ducts become distended with cellular debris, primarily occurring in postmenopausal women.

Breast Abscess

A recurring non-lactational infection characterized by tenderness, redness, and induration under the periareolar skin, commonly affecting individuals with predisposing conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

Fat Necrosis

Death of adipose tissue following trauma or injury to the breast, presenting clinically as a firm, painless mass with skin thickening.

Fibrocystic Breast Changes

A benign condition in which the presence of palpable breast masses fluctuates with the menstrual cycle and is often associated with pain or tenderness.

Genital Warts

Warty growths formed by the transformation and proliferation of basal epithelial cells infected with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) through skin-to-skin contact.

Neonatal Herpes

A serious complication of HSV-2 infection transmitted to an infant during vaginal delivery when maternal active genital lesions are present, carrying a 50% risk of infection.

Candidiasis

A yeast infection characterized by intense pruritus, thick and white cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge, and a normal vaginal pH of less than 4.5.