Bio Lecture 7- The structural and functional unit of life

Cell

Smallest living subunit of a cell

Prokaryotes

No membrane bound organelles or nucleus

Nucleoid

irregular shaped membrane free region of eukaryotic cell that holds all or most of its genetic material

Eukaryotes

Contain membrane bound organelles which compartmentalize their functions and a nucleus bound in a double membrane

Catabolic Reactions

Breaks down large macromolecules into smaller molecules and release energy in the process

Anabolic reactions

Uses reactions generated in catabolic reactions and raw materials gathered by the cell to synthesize larger biomolecules.

Endomembrane System

Seperated the cell into different compartments, or organelles, such as the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

Lysosomes

break down and recycle waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign invaders using specialized digestive enzymes; also the site of hydrolysis

Exocytosis

Transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell.

Endocytosis

Molecules and large substances are taken into the cell via vesicles

Phagocytosis

The cell extends its cytoplasmic projections to wrap around a large particle forming a large vacuole or phagosome

Pinocytosis

Plasma membrane folds forward around a small amount of extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes, pinching off into tiny vesicles

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Specific extracellular molecules bind to complementary receptor proteins clusterd on the cell surface. These cluster in certain regions and pinch off with the help of coat proteins.

Mitochondira

Site of cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis

Endosymbiotic Theory

the ancestor of modern eukaryotes engulfed the ancestors of modern membrane bound organelles.