A&P Exam 1: Ch. 1-4

anatomy

study of body structure

physiology

study of body function

structure begets function

structure of a body part allows it to perform its function

gross/macroscopic anatomy

anatomy visible to the eye

regional anatomy

study of a region of the body

systemic anatomy

study of body systems

surface anatomy

study of the skin surface

developmental anatomy

study of development/embryology

microscopic anatomy

anatomy studied using a microscope

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

levels of structural organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

chemical level

atoms

cellular level

smallest living things

tissue level

groups of similar cells

organ level

2-4 tissue types

functions of maintaining life

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, reproduction

metabolism

chemical reactions that build up and break down structures of the body

movement

skeletal, internal, & external muscles

boundaries

have selectively permeable membranes (good in, bad out)

digestion

ingestion, absorption, & excretion

reproduction

combining eggs and sperm --> humans

responsiveness

sensed or automatic

survival needs

water, oxygen, temp/pressure, nutrients

necessary nutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fats, vitamins, & minerals

what is oxygen needed for?

oxidative chemical reactions in the body

what percentage of body weight is water?

60-80%

what is water the basis for?

secretions & excretions

relationship between temp and metabolic reactions

temp decrease --> metabolic reactions decrease

temp increase --> metabolic reactions increase

homeostasis

internal bodies way of maintaining stability and equilibrium

3 steps of homeostasis

receptor - senses

control center - processes

effector - takes action

negative feedback

stop a function

ex. temp regulation

positive feedback

start a function and continue it until its completed

ex. child birth

homeostatic imbalance

illness or disease

--> when positive feedback don't shut off

anatomical position

superior/cranial

toward head

inferior/caudal

toward feet

anterior/ventral

front

posterior/dorsal

back

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to origin

distal

further from origin

superficial

close to surface

deep

further from surface

appendicular

appendages or limbs

2 main regions of the body

axial & appendicular

axial

head, neck, trunk (main axis)

regional terms

body planes

invisible cuts through the human body

midsagittal/median plane

divides right & left

frontal/coronal plane

divides anterior & posterior

transverse/horizontal plane

divides superior & inferior

body cavities

dorsal & ventral body cavities

ventral body cavities & organs

thoracic -heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta

abdominopelvic -digestive, excretory, reproductive organs & structures

dorsal body cavities & organs

cranial - brain

vertebral - spinal cord

diaphragm

muscular wall, separates the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities

visceral organs

internal organs

serous membrane/serosa

line cavity walls & cover the internal organs to reduce friction when organs move

parietal serosa

on cavity walls

visceral serosa

covers organs

serous fluid

secreted by membrane as lubrication

(between parietal & visceral)

pericardium

around heart

pleural

around lungs

peritoneum

around abdominal walls

hypochindriac

below cartilage

epigastric

above the stomach

lumbar

lower back

umbilical

belly button

hypogastric

below the stomach

iliac

superior part of the hip bone

body quadrants

body regions

other body cavities

• oral/digestive - middle ear

• nasal - synovial

• orbital

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Energy

The capacity to do work or move things.

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion.

Potential energy

Stored energy.

Chemical energy

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances; an example is ATP.

Electrical energy

Movement of charged particles.

Mechanical energy

Energy used directly to move matter.

Radiant/electromagnetic energy

Energy that includes visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, UV waves, and X-rays.

Energy conversion

The conversion of energy from one form to another; heat is a byproduct.

Element

A substance formed from atoms with unique physical and chemical properties.

Atomic symbol

A 1-2 letter symbol used to represent an element.

Atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus.

Mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons.

Isotope

An atom with a different number of neutrons in its nucleus.

Radioisotope

An isotope that is radioactive.

Atomic weight

The average weight of all isotopes.

Nucleus

The dense center of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Proton

A positively charged particle in the nucleus.

Neutron

A neutral particle in the nucleus.

Electron

A negatively charged particle in the outer shell.

Molecule

Two or more atoms that can be the same or different.

Compound

A molecule made of different atoms with characteristics different from the individual atoms.

Mixture

Two or more components mixed together without chemical bonds that can be separated.

Solution

A mixture of a solvent and solutes in specific concentrations.

Colloid

An emulsion that is milky and can change from solid to liquid.

Suspension

A mixture in which the solute settles out.