chap 12 endocrine

Steroid hormone examples:

Sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone, estrogen)

Adrenal hormones (cortisol, aldosterone)

All steroid hormones are produced from?

Cholesterol (complex rings of carbon and hydrogen)

Nonsteroid hormone examples:

Epinephrine, oxytocin, GH, TSH

How and by what are steroid and thyroid hormones transported?

Plasma proteins in bloodstream

Nonsteroid hormone method of action?

Signal transduction

• Bind to outer membrane (first messenger), triggers release of second messenger (like cAMP) inside cell, this alters proteins already made in cell

Hormones exert effects by altering these two metabolic processes

Enzyme activity

Rate of membrane transport of substance

Upregulation:

Increase in number of receptors on target cell to respond to a decreased hormone level

Downregulation:

Decrease in the number of receptors on a target cell due to an increase in hormone levels

Steroids

• increases _______

• Harmful effects?

Muscular strength

Male sex characteristics in women, increase in cholesterol, psych issues, decreased testosterone production, stunted growth, damage to kidney, liver, heart

Growth hormone:

• used to _______

• Used along with steroids

Enlarge muscles

Erythropoietin:

• used to _______________ to muscles

• Medically used to treat anemia

• Rec use caused heart attack, death

Increase RBC number which delivers more O2

Hormone secretion is ________ regulated

Precisely

3 methods of negative feedback regulating hormone secretion:

Tropic hormones (acts on other glands)

Nervous system control (nerve impulses signal glands to secrete hormone)

Changes in environmental composition

Tropic hormones (method of negative feedback regulating hormones) act on…

Other glands, regulates their hormone secretion

Pituitary gland location

Base of brain in sella turcia of sphenoid bone

Method of Anterior pituitary lobe regulation:

Hypophyseal portal system

• Hypothalamic hormones stimulate anterior lobe to make, release hormones

Method of Posterior pituitary lobe regulation:

Nerve impulses from hypothalamus signal posterior to release hormones

ADH

• how is it stimulated

• Function

• large blood pressure drop

• Decrease urinary production via reducing amt H2O excreted by kidneys; vasoconstriction

Oxytocin

• functions

Contractions, milk ejection, mom and baby bonding

Effect in men unknown

Posterior pituitary hormones:

ADH

Oxytocin

Thyroid gland produces what hormones?

T3, T4, calcitonin

Thyroid gland location:

Below larynx, anterior and lateral to trachea

Thyroid gland special ability:

Remove iodine from blood

Thyroid gland composed of round secretory units called ______

Follicles

Thyroid gland structure:

______ ________ fills the follicle cavities

Vicious colloid

__________ cells lie outside follicles that make up the thyroid gland and secretes calcitonin

Extrafollicular

Hyperthyroidism disease:

Graves’ disease- autoimmune against TSH receptors which mimics TSH and over stimulates the thyroid gland

Hypothroid diseases:

Hashimoto: autoimmune against thyoid cells

Simple goiter: iodide deficiency

Parathyroid glands secrete _____ which does what?

PTH

Regulates calcium and phosphate concentration in blood

Adrenal gland hormones are secreted from which part of gland?

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex secretes…

Steroid hormones

Adrenal medulla secretes…

Amine hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

The adrenal cortex consists of these 3 zones:

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Zona glomerulosa (outer zone) of the adrenal cortex produces _______

Aldosterone

Zona fasciculata (middle zone) of adrenal cortex produces ________

Cortisol and other glucocorticoids (sugar)

Zona reticularis (inner zone) of adrenal cortex produces ________

Male sex hormones

Aldosterone

• what gland makes it?

• Action/function

Adrenal cortex

Regulate ion concentration (sodium and potassium)

Cortisol

• where is it made

• Action/function

Adrenal cortex

Decrease protein synthesis, stimulate glucose synthesis

Adrenal androgens do what?

Supplement sex hormones

Addison disease is caused by?

Insufficient hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex (aldosterone, cortisol)

• electrolytes are imbalanced

Cushing syndrome is caused by?

Hypersecretion of cortisol (made by adrenal cortex)

Or

Excess ACTH secretion by anterior pituitary

Pancreas 3 hormones secreted from endocrine (islet) cells:

Alpha cells: secretes glucagon

Beta cells: secretes insulin

Delta cells: secretes somatostatin

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of _________

Islets (islets of langerhans)

Type 1 diabetes is caused by:

Autoimmune disorder, body attacks beta cells in pancreas that makes insulin

Pineal gland secretes ______ which does what?

Melatonin

Regulates circadian rhythm

Thymus gland secretes ___________ which does what?

Thymosins

Develops T-lymphocytes for immunity

Survival depends on maintaining __________

Homeostasis

the ____________ controls response to stress

Hypothalamus

The response to stress is called ________ __________

General adaptation

W/ age, endocrine glands _________ in size

Decrease

W/ age, thymosin production declines which ________________

Increases infection risk

W/ age, calcitonin levels decrease, increasing risk of _________

Osteoporosis

W/ age, _________ resistance can develop

Insulin

W/ age, changes in __________ affect body clock cycles

Melatonin