Interaction in SLA

Foreigner Talk (FT)

The modified way that native speakers (NS) speak to non-native speakers (NNS) to facilitate communication.

Functions of Foreigner Talk

Promote communication, signal attitudes of speakers, and teach the target language implicitly.

Grammatical FT

Adjustments made to simplify language, such as slower speech, shorter sentences, and less complex structures.

Ungrammatical FT

Strategies that may include errors, often reflecting the learner’s level of proficiency.

Negotiation of Meaning

The collaborative effort between speakers to overcome communication difficulties for mutual understanding.

Discourse Management

An attempt to simplify discourse to avoid communication issues, including managing the amount and type of information conveyed.

Comprehensible Input Hypothesis

Krashen's theory that comprehensible input facilitates language acquisition.

Interaction Hypothesis

Long's theory that modified interaction through the negotiation of meaning is crucial for language learning.

Comprehensible Output

Swain's concept that output is necessary for acquisition and raises awareness about gaps in interlanguage.

Factors inducing ungrammatical FT

Includes learner's low proficiency, NS's perceived higher status, previous experience with FT, and the spontaneity of conversations.

Typical Features of FT

Include omissions, expansions, and replacements that imitate learner language.

Discourse Repair

The process of correcting communication breakdowns in conversation.

Empathy in Communication

Expressions of understanding that can manifest in modifications in speech during FT.

Examples of Discourse Modifications

Involves clarifications, repetitions, expansions, and checks to ensure understanding.

Rising Intonation in Questions

A feature in FT where rising intonation replaces auxiliary verbs to simplify questions.

Social Context of SLA

Refers to external factors such as power dynamics, social status, and gender that can affect language learning.

Interactions Between NS and NNS

Real-life negotiations illustrating how learners respond to communication breakdowns.