Topic_9-Brain_Anatomy

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves connecting the CNS to peripheral structures.

Forebrain

The anterior part of the brain, which develops into the cerebrum and diencephalon.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum, involved in complex sensory and motor functions.

Gyri

Sinuous ridges on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

Sulci

Grooves on the surface of the cerebral cortex that separate gyri.

Pyramidal Cells

Major output cells of the cerebral cortex, sending axons to other parts of the brain.

Nonpyramidal Cells

Cells in the cerebral cortex involved in receiving inputs and local processing.

Thalamus

A collection of nuclei that serves as synaptic relay stations for most inputs to the cortex.

Hypothalamus

A region below the thalamus, regulating autonomic functions and maintaining homeostasis.

Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movements and regulates posture and balance.

Brainstem

Connects the forebrain with the spinal cord and contains vital centers for life.

Medulla Oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls automatic functions like heart rate and respiration.

Pons

Structure connecting the spinal cord with the brain, relaying nerve impulses.

Midbrain

Part of the brain between the pons and diencephalon, important for reflexes.

Limbic System

Functional system in the forebrain associated with emotions, behavior, and memory.

Ventricles

CSF-filled cavities within the brain, including lateral, third, and fourth ventricles.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Fluid that circulates in the brain’s ventricles and the subarachnoid space.

Choroid Plexus

Structure responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain's ventricles.

Cerebral Aqueduct

Narrow channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain.