Organic Bonding and Structure: Ionic, Covalent, and Isomer Basics
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34 Terms
What is an ionic bond?
A bond formed by complete transfer of electrons between atoms.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond where atoms share electrons.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A covalent bond where electrons are shared approximately equally.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally.
What is electronegativity?
An atom's pull on bonding electrons.
What does a partial positive (δ⁺) charge indicate?
A slight positive charge caused by unequal electron sharing.
What does a partial negative (δ⁻) charge indicate?
A slight negative charge caused by unequal electron sharing.
What is bond distance?
The distance between bonded atoms at the most stable arrangement.
What is bond energy?
The energy difference associated with forming or breaking a bond.
What does a structural formula show?
How atoms are connected.
What is a Lewis structure?
A structure showing atoms, bonds, and lone pairs.
What is a condensed formula?
A shortened formula that groups atoms together.
What is a bond-line structure?
An organic structure where carbon atoms are represented by lines, corners, and ends.
What is an isomer?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different connectivity.
What is a heteroatom?
An atom in an organic molecule that is not carbon or hydrogen.
What is a lone pair?
A pair of valence electrons not involved in a bond.
What does ionic bonding involve?
Complete electron transfer.
What does covalent bonding involve?
Electron sharing.
What determines bond polarity?
Difference in electronegativity.
What happens when ΔEN ≤ 0.4?
Nonpolar covalent.
What happens when ΔEN = 0.5-1.9?
Polar covalent.
What happens when ΔEN ≥ 2.0?
Ionic.
Which atom gets δ−?
The more electronegative atom.
Which direction does a polarity arrow point?
Toward the more electronegative atom.
Are C-C bonds polar?
No, they are nonpolar.
Is C-H considered polar?
No, it is nonpolar.
What are the two main things to identify in bond-line structures?
Ends and bends are carbons.
Which atoms are explicitly written in bond-line structures?
Heteroatoms such as O, N, and halogens.
What must every carbon have?
Four total bonds.
What do isomers have in common?
Same molecular formula.
How do isomers differ?
Different connectivity.
Do Lewis structures show true 3D shape?
No.
Do condensed formulas show bond angles?
No.
Do bond-line structures represent molecular shape/angles?
Yes, more meaningfully than Lewis or condensed structures.