A & P Week 1

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

Ribosome

Makes proteins

Amino acid

Building blocks of protein

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Translation

Process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

Uracil

Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA.

Codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

anatomy

Structures of the body

physiology

Studies function

Levels of organization

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Molecules

Groups of atoms working together

Cells

Groups of atoms, molecules, & organelles working together

Tissue

Group of similar cells working together

Homeostasis

all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment

Negative feedback

Response of the effector negates the stimulus

ex- sweating, shivering, insulin, glucagon

Positive feedback

Response of the effector increases the change of the stimulus

ex: childbirth, blood clotting

Anatomical position

Hands at sides, palms forward

Superior vs Inferior

cranial - caudal

top vs bottom

Anterior vs posterior

ventral - dorsal

front vs back

Medial vs lateral

midline - away from midline

midline vs away

Superficial vs deep

Near the surface vs more internal

Proximal vs distal

closer to attachment vs farther from attachment

Planes of the body

Saggital, frontal (coronal), transverse

Saggital plane

divides the body into a right and left side down the midline

Frontal plane (coronal)

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

Epigastric region (top)

Right hypochondriac region, left hypochondriac region

Umbilical region (middle)

Right lumbar region, left lumbar region

Hypogastric region (bottom)

Right inguinal region, left inguinal region

atoms

Building blocks of matter

chemicals

atoms combined

atoms are made of

protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral charge), electrons (negative charge)

atomic number

number of protons

mass number

sum of protons & neutrons

nucleus

Control center of the cell containing protons & neutrons

elements of the human body

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

most abundant element in the body

Oxygen (65%)

chemical bonds

Forces holding atoms together in molecules.

molecules

two or more atoms joined together

compounds

2 or more elements chemically combined

ionic bonds

transfer of electrons (give and take)

covalent bonds

sharing of electrons

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

types of reactions

anabolic and catabolic

anabolic reaction

combines molecules, negative charge

catabolic reaction

breaks large molecules into small, positive charge

enzymes (protein)

catalyze (speed up) reactions, lower activation energy increases speed

inorganic vs organic compounds

inorganic lack carbon, organic contain carbon

pH in the human body

7.35-7.45

pH of 0-7

acidic

pH of 7-14

basic

pH of 7

neutral

carbohydrates

contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

organic macromolecules in carbohydrates

manosaccharides, disaccarides, polysaccharides all used for energy

lipids

hydrophobic molecules (fats, oils, waxes)

fatty acids may be

-saturated w/ hydrogen (no double covalent bond)

-unsaturated (one or more double bonded)

fats

triglycerides used for energy, insulation, protection

steroids

cholesterol, estrogen/testosterone, corticosteroids/calcitrol, bile salts

phospholipids

diglycerides attached to phosphate group

proteins

amino acids

denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor in protein

nucleic acid

DNA and RNA, store & process info

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid double stranded determines inherited characteristics

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA), have nitrogenous base

ATP

energy used by cells

cytology

study of cells

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells

plasma membrane

-separates cytoplasm from interstitial fluid

-physical barrier

-controls what enters/exits the cell

membrane lipids

double layer of phospholipid molecules

hydrophilic heads

water loving

hydrophobic fatty acid tails

inside membrane, water fearing

membrane carbohydrates

-glycoproteins & glycolipids

-extend outside cell membrane

-form sticky sugar coat (glycocalyx)

membrane transport

movement of substances into and out of the cell

Permeability

determines what moves in or out of a cell

passive transport

no energy needed, simple diffusion

active transport

requiring energy & ATP

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

-high to low until equilibrium

osmosis

diffusion of water

hypotonic

filled with water in outside

hypertonic

remove water on inside

isotonic

same amount of water inside and out

-0.9% NaCl

carrier mediated transport

transport of ions & organic substrates

facilitated diffusion (passive)

transport glucose & amino acid

exchange pump (active)

counter transports two ions at the same time

vesicular transport (active)

Materials move into or out of cell in vesicles

exocytosis (exit)

granules are released from cell

endocytosis

into the cell

from endocytosis: phagocytosis

solid entering cell

from endocytosis: pinocytosis

liquid entering cell

cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

organelles

structures w/ specific functions

membranous organelles

-covered w/ plasma membrane

non-membraous organelles

-no membrane

-direct contact with cytosol

cytoskeleton

non-membranous structural protein for shape and strength

microvilli

increase surface area