Graph transformation

y = f(x + 2)

y = f(x + 2)

-2 units along the x axis

y = f(x) + 2

+2 units along the y axis

y = f(x - 2)

+2 units along the x axis

y = f(x) - 2

-2 units along the y axis

y = -f(x)

reflect over x axis

y = f(-x)

reflect over y axis