Chapter 1 Lecture

Microbiology

The study of organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye

Microorganisms

Living organisms

Ubiquitous

Most are harmless & beneficial

Ubiquitous

Present nearly everywhere on Earth

1%

less than ____ percent of bacteria cause harm

Fermented foods and beverages

To preserve and enhance the taste of food

Aristotle’s doctrine of spontaneous generation (aka Abiogenesis)

States that life arose from nonliving matter

Biogenesis

The hypothesis that the living organism arise from preexisting life

Debate over Spontaneous Generation

Francesco Redi

John Needham

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Pasteur

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

John Needham’s Experiment

Lazzaro Spallanzani’s Experiment

Lazzaro Spallanzani’s Experiment

Heated up longer

Closed container

No growth

Spontaneous Generation

Louis Pasteur (who is a French Scientist) discovered

John Tyndall

Discovered highly resistant bacterial strucuture-endosphere

Joseph Lister

Father of antiseptic surgery

Edward Jenner

Discovered the technique of vaccination; First to prevent smallpox

Fanne Eilshemius Hesse

First to propose the use of agar in culture media

Richard Petri

Developed the Petri dish, used for solid culture media

Alexander Fleming

Developed penicillin that destorys several pathogenic bacteria

Paul Ehrilch

Discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic

Fracastoro

Begins early version of germ theory

Hooke

Observes cork cells under a microscope

Semmelweis

Demonstrates that hand washing reduces puerperal infections

Snow

Demonstrates that cholera bacteria were trasmitted in contaminated drinking water

Pasteur

• Disproves spontanous generation with swan-neck flask experiement

• Discovers microbial fermentation while studying the causes of spoilage in beer & wine

Roberet Koch

Confirmed germ theory

Robert Koch discovered the cause of

• Anthrax

• Cholera

• Tuberculosis

Koch’s Postulates #1

Microbe must be present in every case of the disease. It must not be found in healthy animals or people

Koch’s Postulates #2

The microbe must be taken from the sick host. It must be grown by itself in a pure lab culture

Koch’s Postulates #3

Cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism

Koch’s Postulates #4

You must take the microbe back out of the newly sick host. It must match the original microbe you started with

Robert Koch developed…

Pure Culture techniques

Staining techniques

Robert Koch developed…

Robert Koch developed…

Solid Media

Carolus Linnaeus

Father of taxonomy

Carolus Linnaeus

Developed a formal system

Carolus Linnaeus

Popularized a taxonomic system based on binomial nomenclature for naming plants & animals & grouping similar organisms together by publishing Systema Naturae

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What are the 3 domains that Carl Woese proposed?

Carl Woese

Who proposed the 3 domains bacteria, archaea, and eukarya?

Two kingdom system- Linnaeus

Plantae, Animalia

Five kingdom system- Linnaeus

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Six Kingdom system- Woese

Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Three Domain System- Woese

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

Carolus Linnaeus

Who proposed the two kingdom system?

Robert Whittaker

Who proposed the five kingdom system?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What are the levels of classification from MOST→ LEAST inclusive?

Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses, Fungi, Helminths (worms), Protozoa, Algae

What are the 7 types of microorganisms?

Prokaryotes

Unicellular, No nucleus, No membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes

Unicellular or Multicellular, Nucleus, Membrane bound organelles

Bacteriology

The study of Bacteria & Archea

Phycology

The study of Algae

Mycology

The study of Fungi

Protozoology

The study of Parasitic protozoa & parastic animals

Virology

The study of Viruses

Microbial Metabolism

Biochemistry: Chemcial reactions within cells

Microbial Genetics

Functions of DNA & RNA

Environmental Microbiology

Relationships between microbes & among microbes, other organisms, & their environment

Serology

Antibodies in blood serum, particularly as an indicator of infection

Immunology

Body’s defenses against specific disease

Epidemiology

Frequency, distribution, & spead of disease

Etiology

Causes of disease

Infection Control

Hygiene in health care settings & control of nosocomial infections

Chemotherapy

Development & use of drugs to treat infectious diseases

Biomediation

Use of microbes to remove pollutants

Public Health Microbiology

Sewage treatment, water purification, & control of insects that spread disease

Agricultural Microbiology

Use of microbes to control insect pests

Food and Beverage Technology

Reduction or elimination of harmful microbes in food and drink

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Manufacture of vaccines and antibiotics

Recombinant DNA technology

Alteration of microbial genes to synthesize useful products

John Needham’s Experiment

• Used broth

• heated up briefly

• Left open

Lazzaro Spallanzani’s Experiment

• Heated up longer

• Closed Container

• No growth

Louis Pasteur

Disputed theory of Spontaneous Generation

Louis Pasteur’s Experiment

The unique swan-neck feature of the flasks used in this experiment allowed air to enter the flask but prevented the entry of bacterial and fungal spores

Robert Hooke

Marked the begining of cell theory

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

• “Father of Microbiology”

• Single lens microscope

• First to observe bacteria & protists

Germ Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur)

Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

Joseph Lister

Developed antiseptic surgery (phenol)

Ignaz Semmelweis

• “Savior of mothers”

• Hand disinfection and puerperal fever

Binomial Nomenclature

• Each organism has two names

• Genus & Specific epithet (species)

Capitalized

The genus name must be…

Never Capitalized

The specific epithet is…

Classification

Placing organisms in gorups of related species. List of characteristics of known organisms.

Identification

Mactching characteristics of an “unkown” to lists of known organisms