Digestive System 3

What is the pancreas?

Retroperitoneal accessory organ with head, body and tail

What are the majority of glands in the pancreas?

Exocrine glands

What are the pancreatic juices?

Acinar cells and duct cells

What are acinar cells?

Secrete digestive enzymes to duodenum

What are duct cells?

Pancreatic cells that secrete alkaline fluid

What are the endocrine glands of the pancreas?

Secretes cells to regulate blood sugar levels

What is insulin?

Beta cell in pancreas which lowers blood sugar

What is glucagon?

Alpha cell in pancreas which increase glucose levels

What is the liver?

Accessory organ of hepatocytes on the right side of the body

What are the lobes of the liver?

Right, left, quadrate (back lower) and caudate (back upper)

What does the liver do?

Secretes bile, processes, modifies, and detoxifies material absorbed from GI tract before they are distributed to blood

Why is bile important?

Helps with fat digestion

Why do we need the liver and the gallbladder?

Liver produces bile at a constant rate while the gallbladder stores it

What is the gallbladder?

Muscular sac on the inferior side of the liver

What is the histology of the liver?

Simple columnar with rugae for storage

What does the gallbladder do?

Concentrates and stores bile between meals, release bile to duodenum

What layer does the gallbladder not have?

Submucosa

What is the large intestine?

Passage from iliocaecal valve to the anus

What is the ileocaecal valve?

Valve between small and large intestines

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamins, and temporary storage of feces

Does the large intestine have villi?

No

What are the sections of the large intestine?

Caecum, appendix, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

Where is the caecum?

Horizontal bottom right of large intestine

Where is the appendix?

Branches off caecum

What makes up the colon?

Ascending, transverse, sigmoid and descending colon and the hepatic and splenic flexures

Where is the ascending colon?

Vertical on right side

Where is the hepatic flexure?

Corner of colon by liver (right)

Where is the transverse colon?

Horizontal Center colon

Where is the splenic flexure?

Colon corner by spleen (left)

Where is the descending colon?

Vertical colon on left

Where is the sigmoid colon?

Horizontal colon at left

What is unique about the histology of the rectum?

No longitudinal muscle

What is the histology of the anal canal?

Stratified squamous

Does the anal canal have serosa/adventitia?

It is extraperitoneal - out of abdominopelvic cavity

What are the two anal sphincters?

Internal smooth muscle and external skeletal muscle

Where is gut bacteria?

Large intestine

What are the teniae coli?

Three bands of longitudinal muscle in center of colon, only longitudinal muscle on colon

What are the haustra?

Pouch forming folds on the large intestine, formed from contractions of the teniae coli

What are the epiploic appendages?

Fat filled sacs of visceral peritoneum on the large intestine

What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

Right Upper, Right Lower, Left Upper, Left Lower

What organs are in the right upper quadrant?

Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney, right adrenal gland, hepatic flexure of colon

What organs are in the right lower quadrant?

Caecum, appendix, ascending colon, right ovary and uterine tube, right ureter

What organs are in the left upper quadrant?

Stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney, left adrenal gland, splenic flexure of colon, transverse and descending colon

What organs are in the left lower quadrant?

Descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary and uterine tube, left ureter

What is the circulation of the abdomen?

Abdominal aorta, OXYGENATED, Inferior mesenteric artery (large intestine capillaries, DEOXYGENATED, inferior mesenteric veins, splenic vein), superior mesenteric artery (small and large intestine capillaries, DEOXYGENATED, superior mesenteric vein), hepatic portal vein, liver capillaries, hepatic veins, inferior vena cava

What is the hepatic portal circulation?

Superior and inferior mesenteric veins, splenic vein, hepatic portal vein

What is a portal system?

Veins with capillary beds on both sides with no stop at the heart in between, very rare

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

When acidic stomach contents flow upwards into the esophagus

What is appendicitis?

Inflammation of the appendix, causes pain in the right lower quadrant

What is chloecysitis?

Inflammation of the gallbladder often due to blockage of the cystic duct with gall stones, pain in right upper quadrant