historical examples of language change causation

Define "social climate" in the context of language change

The prevailing social attitudes, class structures, cultural values, and historical conditions of a society that influence how people communicate and alter their language.

Three major reasons why language changes

1. Changing social climate, 2. External factors, 3. The rise of teenagers.

Historical examples of language change driven by a changing social climate

Shift from the Norman feudal system to evolving class divisions by the 15th century; the Industrial Revolution fostering urbanisation and creating a new middle class; 18th–19th century dictionaries advising the middle class on 'correct' language; and the Elementary Education Act 1870 mandating schooling for ages 5–12 to improve national literacy.

Historical examples of language change driven by external factors

Two World Wars during the 20th century promoting global travel, expanded communication, and cultural exchanges with Australia, America, and India; and the rapid rise and integration of technology in everyday communication.

Historical examples of language change driven by the rise of the teenager

The emergence of teenagers as a distinct social group in the 1950s (typically entering trades at age 14); distinct youth subcultures fostering linguistic creativity and innovation; and a widespread increase in informal language and colloquialisms.

Define political correctness

The practice of using inclusive language designed to avoid offending, excluding, or marginalising specific social groups.

Define language change from above

Linguistic shifts introduced and driven from positions of authority, power, or institutional dominance, often linked to deliberate efforts such as political correctness.

Define language change from below

Linguistic shifts driven naturally by everyday speakers and language users adapting their speech to meet social and communicative needs.

Historical examples of language change driven by the rise of the teenager

The emergence of teenagers as a distinct social group in the 1950s (typically entering trades at age 14); distinct youth subcultures fostering linguistic creativity and innovation; and a widespread increase in informal language and colloquialisms.

Define political correctness

The practice of using inclusive language designed to avoid offending, excluding, or marginalising specific social groups.

Define language change from above

Linguistic shifts introduced and driven from positions of authority, power, or institutional dominance, often linked to deliberate efforts such as political correctness.

Define language change from below

Linguistic shifts driven naturally by everyday speakers and language users adapting their speech to meet social and communicative needs.