APA 1302 Sport and Glodalization

How is globalization defined in the context of social change?

It consists of long-term processes of social change involving relationships between nation-states and the use of power around the world.

What does the 'intensification of global flows' refer to?

The unprecedented connections and interactions occurring with greater frequency and ease between people and entities like corporations and popular culture.

How did Robertson (1992) define globalization?

The compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole.

What are the two inevitable outcomes that drive the globalization of sport?

Sport modernization and imperialism.

Which institutions are cited as key components of the global economy?

The World Trade Organization, multi-national corporations, and permanent governments.

What are three examples of 'global culture' mentioned in the text?

Popular culture (television, fashion, music), consumerism, and labor patterns.

What are two examples of 'global sport' provided in the notes?

The World Cup of soccer and the Olympic Games.

According to Yi-Fu Tuan (1974), what is the definition of a landscape?

Landscape is a sign of something beyond itself that needs interpreting.

Why are cultural landscapes considered 'texts'?

They inform us of cultural values, aspirations, and fears in a tangible form that can be deciphered.

What is a 'sportized' or 'sportified' landscape?

A landscape that has been altered and homogenized by sport.

What are 'technoscapes' in the context of sport?

The product of multi-national sporting bodies insisting on specific physical characteristics for sport to take place, leading to a homogenization of space.

How does space influence sport?

Sport is played in a unified manner over time and space, and the specific space shapes how people play.

Which organization is identified as the most dominant international sport body?

The International Olympic Committee (IOC).

What is the primary driver behind modern IOC decision-making?

Financial interests (money).

How do US-based entities like NBC and Nike influence the Olympics?

NBC influences Olympic bids and formats, while Nike promotes global consumerism and branding.

How is globalization characterized in relation to US hegemony?

It is viewed as a form of cultural and economic imperialism where the US leads the way, similar to historical European imperialism but more subtle.

What is the dominant sport ideology in Canada, according to the text?

Professional sport ideology.

How is the history of hockey in Canada described by Kidd?

It is described as the story of the National Hockey League (NHL).

What does the 'crystallization of the world into a whole space' refer to?

A definition of globalization that emphasizes the world becoming a single, interconnected entity.

What does the term 'labour' refer to in the context of global culture?

It refers to global patterns of production and employment, such as the manufacturing of sporting goods like Nike products in Indonesia.

What are three negative consequences of corporate-driven sport globalization?

1. Neglect of local grassroots sport, 2. Marginalization of women's sport, and 3. Discouragement of local forms of play.

How did 20th-century technological innovations impact global relations?

They intensified global relations to unprecedented levels through advancements in transportation (trains, planes) and communication (telegraph, radio, phone, internet).

What role did the printing press play in cultural globalization?

It started a process of language unification by moving away from diverse local dialects toward mass-produced, standardized texts.

What is the definition of globalization provided in the text?

The spread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and organization of social life.

What are five key drivers of contemporary globalization?

Global transportation networks, free trade policies, neo-liberalism, multinational corporations/international organizations, and digital media/internet.

How do mega-sporting events like the Olympics contribute to globalization?

They bring the world together to play games under uniform rules and help homogenize sporting equipment and apparel through global brands.

What does it mean that resource-rich countries drive the 'globalization bus' in sport?

It means wealthier nations dictate the direction and standards of global sport, pressuring other regions to 'catch up' to their models.

Does globalization necessarily lead to total cultural homogenization?

No. Critics argue that the world is not fully homogenized and that local cultures remain resilient despite global structures.

What are three examples of global structures that currently impact the world?

Global food systems, commodity exchange (e.g., oil), and global banking systems.

What were the original hopes for international sports regarding global diplomacy?

To open communication lines, highlight shared interests, demonstrate that international friendships are possible, and foster cultural understanding.

What is the limitation of sport regarding serious international diplomacy?

Sports have no influence on matters of vital national interest and are generally not used by leaders in high-stakes diplomatic discussions.

In what capacity can sport be useful for diplomacy?

It is useful at the level of public diplomacy, providing opportunities for people from different nations to meet and talk.

How do nation-states often misuse international sports?

They use them to foster self-interests, promote ethnocentrism and nationalism, and influence bid processes or boycotts.

What are three areas where graduates can help shape the future of sport?

National funding policies, prioritizing sport within the nation, and recognizing the broader benefits of sport.

How did the nature of sport change as cultural diffusion intensified?

Sport became more uniform over time and space, moving away from diverse, localized games.

What is the impact of neo-liberalism on the global economy?

It promotes the reduction of government intervention, encourages world capitalism, and supports a globalized economy.

What does the text suggest about the 'size' of the world due to globalization?

People have never been more connected, making the world feel 'smaller' than it was in the past.

What historical period saw new types of global expansion through European Imperialism?

From the 16th century to the 19th century.

What is a common critique of globalization regarding national borders?

Critics point to entrenched nationalism and increased border control or protectionism as a reaction against globalization.

How does the text describe the state of sport in Canada?

It is currently in a state where corporate interests are prioritized, often at the expense of local and marginalized sporting forms.

What was the state of cultural practice prior to contemporary globalization?

Cultural practice was more local, diffused slowly, and was highly diverse, such as the numerous nation-states and languages that existed in pre-modern Europe.

What is the primary goal of international sports according to the 'hope' mentioned in the text?

To establish working relationships that might close the gaps between wealthy and poor nations.