Equine Modules 1-8

Which stage is the most dangerous stage of anesthesia in horses?

Recovery

What drug is used to treat hypotension on horses?

Dobutamine

Why should the occlusion of the nostrils be avoided in equine anesthesia cases?

Horses are obligate nasal breathers

What is a complication to nasotracheal intubation in a healthy horse?

Epistaxis

If a horse is undergoing general anesthesia, what should be done to the hooves prior to the procedure?

Wash them thoroughly and wrap or remove the shoe if present.

To prevent the possibility of aspiration, the technician should:

rinse the mouth to flush out feedstuffs prior to intubation.

What are the most common anesthetic complications in horses on inhalation agents?

Hypoxemia, hypotension, and hypoventilation

During recovery, a patient can be provided with passive provision of oxygen. What is the term used for this process?

Insufflation

Which class of drugs should never be used as a premedication in horses as it will reduce the gastrointestinal motility, which may result in colic?

Anticholinergics

All drugs used during induction in horses are given as a bolus except which one that is given to effect?

Guaifenesin

When taking a history, it is important to:

Keep the information in sequential format

A prepurchase examination of a horse:

Is not a guarantee of future performance

During lung auscultation, a portion of the ___________ lung field is obscured by shoulder musculature and cannot be heard.

Cranioventral

In the horse, a second-degree atrioventricular heart block detected by palpation of an artery:

Represents a common heart arrhythmia

For heart auscultation, the dorsal landmark of the heart in horses and cattle is the ___________, and the ventral landmark is the _____________.

Shoulder joint, olecranon

Small pinpoint hemorrhages, less than 1 mm in diameter, seen on the mucous membranes are:

Petechial hemorrhages

When assessing hydration status in a severely dehydrated animal:

Skin retraction during a skin turgor test may take 8 seconds or longer

Hooves grow an average of _________ per month and must be trimmed every __________ to prevent overgrowth.

1/4 inch, 5 to 8 weeks

What is not a reason for horseshoe removal?

Resetting the shoe

______________ is the most important aspect of external coaptation of limbs.

Padding

When applying a distal limb bandage in the horse

The pressure applied while wrapping the bandage should be even throughout its entire length

When applying a distal limb bandage in the horse:

Include the entire pastern and coronary band

Using _____________ as a wound dressing encourages wound granulation.

Saline-soaked gauze

When applying the securing layer of a distal limb bandage-

Apply compression from the distal portion of the limb to the proximal portion

A ___________ extends from the fetlock to just below the elbow or stifle.

Tube cast

Regarding patients with limb casts-

A common complication is laminitis in the contralateral limb.

Somatic damage caused by electromagnetic radiation-

Affects metabolically active cells and is immediate or can present later in life

The maximum permissible dose of occupational radiation exposure per year for a person older than 18 years of age is-

0.05 seiverts

ALARA means-

As low as reasonably achievable, selecting the lowest possible mA, kVp, and time to achieve the best image

Portable x-ray machines have_______ anodes, which is why they can dissipate _______ heat than fixed units.

Stationary, less

Sante’s rule is used to estimate ________, which is a _________ factor.

kVp, quality

When placing lateral radiographs of a horse’s leg on the view box, the _______ aspect would be toward the ________, and the ________ aspect would toward the __________.

Dorsal, left, caudal, right

While creating a technique chart, you determined that a diagnostic-quality radiograph for a metacarpus that was 15 cm thick required a kVp of 80. What would be the kVp setting for a metacarpus that was 16 cm thick?

83; Subtract 2 kVp from the original kVp (in this case, 80 kVp) for each cm decrease in thickness from the one used to create the technique chart (in this case, 15 cm). Add 2 kVp from the original kVp for each cm increase, but only up to 80 kVp. Add 3 kVp for each cm increase that places the kVp above 80 (as in this case) but below 100. Add 4 kVp for each cm increase that places the kVp above 100.

To help prevent blurring when radiographing a horse’s foot-

Use only high-speed film/screen combinations

____________ is the diagnostic imaging technique used to evaluate the overall musculoskeletal system of an adult horse.

Nuclear scintigraphy

Which is the name of the view taken of a horse’s right front lower leg when the x-ray beam is directed at a 45° angle from in front of the leg toward the inner aspect of the leg?

Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique

A very bright area on a diagnostic ultrasound is called __________ and generally indicates ___________.

Hyperechoic, solid tissue

A diagnostic ultrasound transducer with a higher frequency provides __________ penetration with __________ resolution than one with a lower frequency.

Less, better

What display mode is used when performing echocardiography?

M-mode

When preparing a patient for an ultrasound examination-

K-Y Jelly can be used as the coupling medium

The most common use of endoscopy in equines is-

To examine the upper respiratory tract

____________ is the most common way to sterilize an endoscope after use on a patient suspected of an infectious disease.

Cold sterilization

When assessing the gait of a horse, which test provides evidence of proprioceptive defects?

Elevated head walking

When treating colic in a horse, nasogastric intubation-

Can be a lifesaving maneuver

A horse holding a foreleg in front of the vertical position is showing signs of-

Lower leg pain of the foreleg

When determining the location of lameness in a horse, the croup will rise when which limb(s) is affected?

A hindlimb

Which of the following statements about laminitis is true?

It is considered an emergency