Unit 1: Colonization and Settlement

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering Unit 1: European Exploration, Mercantilism, Trans-Atlantic Trade, and the Development of the Southern, New England, and Mid-Atlantic Colonies.

European explorers were driven by "The 3 G's," which represent God, Gold, and __________.

Glory

Early European explorers searched for a northern water route to Asia called the "__________" to ensure wealth through trade.

Northwest Passage

Spain's early colonial dominance in the Americas was supported by the drive for gold and the __________, which drew a dividing line between Spanish and Portuguese territorial claims.

Treaty of Tordesillas

England emerged as the top naval power in Europe during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I after defeating the __________.

Spanish Armada

The economic theory based on reducing a country's imports while expanding its exports to maximize wealth is known as __________.

Mercantilism

Under the mercantilist colonial arrangement shown, colonies existed to enrich England by supplying __________ and purchasing manufactured goods.

Raw Materials

Passed in the mid-1600s, the __________ required all colonial goods to travel on English ships and process through English ports.

Navigation Acts

In the 18th-century trans-Atlantic "triangular trade," the leg of the journey transporting enslaved Africans from Western Africa to the Americas was called the __________.

Middle Passage

During the Middle Passage aboard slave ships, each captive was confined to less than __________ square feet of space.

15

Sir Walter Raleigh explored the Atlantic seaboard and named the region Virginia in honor of __________.

Queen Elizabeth

In 1587, John White led more than 100 settlers to __________ Island, but by 1590 the settlement had vanished, leaving behind only the word "CROATOAN" carved into a post.

Roanoke

A __________ pooled the capital of multiple investors to fund colonial expeditions while diversifying financial risk.

Joint-Stock Company

In 1606, __________ issued letters patent licensing joint-stock enterprises such as The London Company and The Plymouth Company to settle in Virginia.

King James I

Founded in 1607 along the James River, __________ became the first permanent English settlement in North America.

Jamestown

Captain John Smith established discipline among the Jamestown settlers with the mandatory policy: "__________."

if you don't work, you don't eat

The daughter of Wahunsonacock (Chief Powhatan) who acted as an intermediary between the natives and colonists and married John Rolfe was __________.

Pocahontas

The severe winter of 1609–1610 in Jamestown, marked by starvation, native sieges, and cannibalism, is referred to as the "__________."

Starving Time

John Rolfe transformed Virginia's economy in 1612 by importing West Indian tobacco seeds, establishing a cash crop so profitable it was known as "__________."

black gold

Under the Virginia headright system, an investor received __________ acres of land for every indentured servant whose passage they financed.

50

The 1676 uprising of western frontier settlers against Governor Berkeley's native policies, which culminated in the burning of Jamestown, was __________.

Bacon's Rebellion

The first representative legislative assembly established in the American colonies was Virginia's __________.

House of Burgesses

The colony of Maryland was founded in 1633 by George Calvert and __________ to offer Catholics refuge from religious persecution.

Lord Baltimore

Founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe, the colony of Georgia was established as an abolitionist haven, a debtor's refuge, and a buffer against __________.

Spanish Florida

To prevent slave rebellions, Southern colonial assemblies passed strict laws known as __________, which prohibited enslaved people from owning weapons or learning to read.

Slave Codes

According to population estimates from 1750, the Black population reached __________ percent in South Carolina.

60

The narrow, elongated architectural style brought by enslaved Africans via Haiti and depicted in this floor plan is known as a __________ house.

shotgun

The Pilgrims, also known as __________, broke away completely from the Church of England and established Plymouth Colony in 1620.

Separatists

Before disembarking in 1620, the Pilgrims established a self-governing framework based on majority rule by male church members called the __________.

Mayflower Compact

Governor John Winthrop urged the Massachusetts Bay Puritans to serve as a model Christian community in his famous "__________" speech.

city upon a hill

The Massachusetts colonial charter was revoked by King George II because the colony's merchants repeatedly refused to obey the __________.

Navigation Acts

In 1692, an outbreak of puritanical religious hysteria in Massachusetts culminated in the execution of 19 people during the __________.

Salem Witch Trials

Minister Thomas Hooker led settlers away from Massachusetts to create the __________, widely considered the first written constitution in the American colonies.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Banished from Massachusetts Bay for advocating complete separation of church and state, Roger Williams founded the settlement of __________ in Rhode Island.

Providence

The Patuxet Indian who spoke English, instructed the Pilgrims in agriculture, and joined them in the harvest celebration that inspired Thanksgiving was __________.

Squanto

The 1675–1676 war led by Metacom against New England settlers, which resulted in his death and the enslavement of his followers in the West Indies, was __________.

King Philip's War

Originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1621, the colony of New Amsterdam was transferred to English rule and renamed __________.

New York

The colony of Pennsylvania was established by William Penn as a haven of religious tolerance for the __________.

Quakers

British Prime Minister Robert Walpole instituted the colonial policy of __________, choosing not to strictly enforce trade laws so long as the colonies generated wealth.

salutary neglect

The 18th-century religious revival that reacted against the Enlightenment and promoted new denominations such as Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians was the __________.

Great Awakening