Intro To Human Origins ( Bones and Terminology )

Bone memorization

Medial

closer to the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Anterior

the front of the body

Posterior

backwards

Superior

towards the top, upwards

Inferior

towards the ground, downwards

Ventral

the belly side of the body

Dorsal

the back or spinal side of the body

Rostral, cranial

towards the snout or head

Caudal

towards the tail, away from the head

Proximal

towards the body, along a limb

Distal

away from the body, along a limb

Flexion

bending of joint that decreases the angle between elements

Extension

stretching of a joint that increases the angle between elements

Abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline of the bodyA

Adduction

movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

Mandible

the lower jaw

Maxilla

the upper jaw

Zygomatics

cheek bones

Temporals

have the ear openings

Foramen magnum

Opening through which the spinal cord meets the brain

Orbits

the eye sockets

Supraorbital tori

brow ridges

Nasals

make up the roof of the nose

Frontal

just above the orbits

Parietals

behind the frontals

Occipital

back of the skull

Occipital condyles

Points where the neck vertebrae articulate with the skull

Zygomatic arch

A bony arch between the orbit and the ear region

Incisors

for grasping and nipping

Canines

for piercing, holding, and cracking open food

Premolars

for pulping and crushing food

Molars

for grinding, slicing and crushing food

Vertebrae

back bones, 5 types

Cervical

neck vertebrae (7)

Thoracic

vertebrae that have ribs (12)

Lumbar

vertebrae of the abdomen (5)

Sacrum

vertebrae of the pelvis (5 fused)

Caudal/coccygeal

tail vertebrae (2-4)

Ribs

The sternum and thoracic vertebrae make up the thoracic cage (24 total, 12 each side)

Sternum

breast bone

Clavicle

the collar bone, connects sternum and scapula

Scapula

the shoulder blade

Humerus

arm bone

Radius

forearm bone on the “thumb”-side

Ulna

Forearm bone on the “pinky” -side, makes the “point” on the back of the elbow

Carpal

Bones (8 of them, together the carpus): the wrist

Metacarpals

hand bones (5)

Phalanges

the finger bones (14)

Os Coxa/Coxal Bone

Hip bone connects the vertebral column to the lower limb

Femur

thigh bone

Patella

knee cap

Tibia

larger of the two leg bones, the “shin” bone

Fibula

smaller of the two leg bones doesn’t articulate with the femur

Tarsal

bones (7 of them, together the tarsus): the ankle

Metatarsals

Foot bones (5)

Phalanges

The toe bones (14)

Polyphiodonty

An animal that continually replaces its teeth throughout its lifetime

Diphiodonty

an animal that develops two successive sets of teeth in its lifetime

Homodonty

An anatomical condition where an animal possesses a dentition made up of teeth that share the same general shape and structure

Heterodonty

The condition of possessing more than one single tooth shape or morphology within an individual's dentition.

tendons

a tough, flexible band of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects your muscles to your bones