Organelle Functions for AP Bio U2

Plasma Membrane

DESC: Phospholipid bilayer, has proteins to regulate INS: various molecules depending on the protein OUTS: phospholipid bilayer vesicle of that molecule

Cell Wall

DESC: maintains cell shape, made of cellulose (plants) or peptidoglycan (prok.) NO INS/OUTS

Glycocalyx

DESC: layer of polysaccharides that is sticky called a “capsule”, helps bacteria stick to stuff and be immune to host’s immune system NO INS/OUTS

Cytoplasm

uhhhhh add that

Vesicles

DESC: transport membrane that carries an enclosed molecule & keeps it safe INS/OUTS: molecule it transports

Cytoskeleton

DESC: maintains cell shape, assists in moving vesicles on protein fiber tracks (also contains microtubules, actin/intermediate filaments INS/OUTS: (none rn)

Nucleus

DESC: contains chromatin (DNA & some RNA)

Nuclear Envelope

DESC: surrounds the nucleus to separate it from the cytoplasm INS/OUTS: (unclear)

Nuclear Pores

DESC: how the nucleus transports things in and out INS: proteins OUTS: ribosomal subunits and mRNA to the cytoplasm

Nucleolus

DESC: produces rRNA, and joins with proteins INS: proteins OUTS: ribosomal subunits

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

watch video

Ribosomal DNA (rRNA)

watch video

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

watch video

Ribosomes (watch video)

DESC: ribosomal subunits made of rRNA and proteins, synthesizes other proteins INS: mRNA, tRNA, amino acids with transcription OUTS: proteins through translation

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

DESC: contains ribosomes that can produce proteins by constructing the polypeptides INS: mRNA, amino acids OUTS: polypeptides

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (uhhhh most likely wrong definition)

DESC: synthesizes various things depending on the location INS: fatty acids and glycerol OUTS: lipids

Lysosomes

DESC: vesicle with low (acidic) pH that have digest enzymes INS: non-functional organelles, portions of the cytoplasm, materials taken into the cell OUTS: simpler subunits

Golgi Apparatus

DESC: place where vesicles get shipped, modified with carbohydrates, then transported to the plasma membrane INS: lipids and proteins OUTS: modified molecules

Vacuoles (probably wrong)

DESC: membranous sacs, usually store substances but can also break down nutrients and rid the cell of excess water INS/OUTS: (?????)

Chloroplast

DESC: in plants, creates oxygen and carbohydrates INS: solar energy, carbon dioxide, water OUT: oxygen, carbohydrates

Mitochondria

DESC: in eukaryotic cells, cell’s main energy-maker INS: carbohydrates, oxygen OUTS: carbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP)

Actin Filaments

find a video

Intermediate Filaments

find a video

Microtubules

find a video

Centrioles

find a video

Cilia and Flagella

find a video because i’m pretty sure i’m wrong