globalisation evidence bank

positive UN peacekeeping

 Since 1948, the UNSC has authorized more than 70 peacekeeping operations, deploying over 2 million personnel worldwide. Since 1948, the UNSC has authorized more than 70 peacekeeping operations, deploying over 2 million personnel worldwide.

negative rwanda un peacekeeping

After 10 belgian peacekeepers were killed in Rwanda, the UNSC voted to withdraw most of the remaining troops rather than reinforce them.

negative peacekeeping UN bosnia

In Bosnia, the Un declared Srebrenica a ‘safe area;, but when Bosnian Serb forced advanced, roughly 400 lightly armed peacekeepers stationed there were outgunned and lacked air support. As a result, 8,000 Bosnian men were slaughtered in the worst mass murder in Europe since WWII

positive ICJ accountability

 The ICJ’s willingness to hear high-profile, politically sensitive cases, such as South Africa v. Israel (2024) under the Genocide Convention, demonstrates its independence and normative power to hold states accountable on the world stage.

positive ICJ compliance

Compliance with final ICJ judgments is estimated to hover around 60%, with it being much higher at territorial disputes submitted by mutual consent.

negative compliance examples

Rulings can therefore be easily ignored, especially by a P5 nation. Russia entirely ignored the ICJ’s legally binding March 2022 order to halt its military operations in Ukraine. Similarly, the ICC’s arrest warrant for Putin failed when he freely visited Mongolia (an ICC signatory) in 2024.

positive NATO spending figures

 In 2024 NATO military expenditure reached 1,451 billion and 18 member states met the 2% GDP spending target, up from just 3 10 years prior.

negative NATO russia/west

 NATO has expanded its Enhanced Forward Presene to eight fullly operational battlegroups stationed across the Eastern Flank. The permanent deployment of Westerms troops directly on Russia’s periphery creates a localised arms race and substantially reduces buffer time for diplomatic de-escalation.

negative NATO reliance on the US

 The US accounts for 62% of NATOs 1.59 trillion defense expenditure – structurally dependent on them