ARTH Terms 1, 2, 3

section - vertical cut through drawing the reveals internal structure (slice of cake)

trabiated construction (post and lintel)

what type of construction?

arcuated construction - arches and vaults

plan - footprint of a building

vitruvian triad

3 core principles of good architecture defined by ancient roman architect Vitruvius. Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas

commoditas

function or accommodation

firmitas

structural strength or stability

venustas

beauty that delights

elevation - view of superstructure rising over the plan

facade

the front exterior or outer face of a building

what is the name, civilization, location, and date?

Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu (staged tower) at Ur. 2000 BCE

Khorsabad (Dur Sharrukin). Assyria in Northern Mesopotamia. 700 BCE citadel and palace of Sargon II. crenelations, buttresses, casemates

crenellations - defensive feature, notched top on wall

Ishtar Gate, Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562). Neo-Babylonia-Babylon

Persepolis, royal palace begun by Darius in 515 BCE. apadana (throne room) - hypostyle hall. Achaemenid Perisa

buttresses - supports sideways against a wall

casemates - in architecture and military engineering is a vaulted, blast-resistant chamber—typically built into a fortification's ramparts or walls—designed to shelter troops, store supplies, or house artillery with firing openings (embrasures) facing outward

sphinx (241’ long). 2500 BCE, old kingdom egypt

great pyramid of giza/ great pyramid of cheops. completed 2560 BC

temple of amon-re in Karnak. begun 2000 BCE and built over next 2000 years. Hypostyle hall, pylon

pylon - monumental gateway to ancient egyptian temple

clerestory - high section of wall with windows/openings above eye level

temple of Amonhothep III in Luxor. 1250 BCE. road lined with sphinxes led from here to Amon Re

rock cut tomb of Ramses II in Abu Simbel. 1250 BCE

Temple of Edfu/Temple of Horus, 237-57 BCE (ptolemaic temple - built during Ptolemaic dynasty)

Mycenae

Greek city. bellicose (“war-like”), immortalized in Homeric epics, wily and enduring. Trojan war between Greek speakers and Asiatics

Lion Gate at Mycenae Citadel (fortress). 1250 BCE

Treasury of Atreus/ Tomb of Agamemnon. 1300 BCE

Cyclopean masonry - massive limestone boulders without mortar

Corbel vault

tholos - circular building from ancient greece/rome w round wall, domed roof, columns

dromos - long narrow entrance passage (treasury of atreus)

polis

ancient Greek city state

anthropocentrism

human centered belief that humans are the central, most significant beings in the universe

What is this architectural feature?

entasis - slight outward curve on column to make if look straight and correct the optical illusion of curving inward

stylobate

top step of classical temple that supports a row of columns

cella/naos

inner chamber of ancient greek/roman temple that housed the statue of a deity

What is this architectural feature?

peripteral colonnade - single row of columns on all four sides of classical building

dipteral collonade - double row of columns surrounding cella

What order is this?

doric order - oldest, simplest style of greek classical architecture

What order is this?

ionic order - thinner columns with scroll-like tops (volutes)

What order is this?

corinthian order - newest and most ornate style, capitals decorated with acanthus leaves

entablature - upper horizontal part that rests directly upon columns in classical architecture

middle section of entablature

frieze

lower section of entablature

architrave

top section of entablature

cornice

pediment - a triangular gable placed above the horizontal entablature or cornice of a building, traditionally supported by columns

triglyph - a decorative, vertically channeled tablet found in the frieze of the Doric Order in classical architecture

metope - spaces between triglyphs in frieze of doric order

Temple of Hera II at Paestum. Mid 5th century BCE

Which Persian War took place in 490 BCE?

Battle of Marathon

Which Persian War took place in 480 BCE?

Battles of Thermopolae and Salamis

Which Persian War took place in 479 BCE?

Battle of Plataea

Delian League

a military alliance of over 300 Greek city-states formed in 478 BCE and led by Athens to continue the offensive against the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)

Parthenon in Athens. Ancient greek temple. 447-438 BCE. Architect Iktinus, sculpture by Phideas.

Which building is this part of?

Erechtheion/ Temple of Athena Polias in Athens. 421-405 BCE. Caryatid porch

Pericles

“Strategos” - general and Greek statesman during Golden Age of Athens. Influential political figure during Greco-Persian and Peloponnesian War

Temple of Apollo Epicurius (the aid-bringer) at Bassae. 429-400 BCE. Corinthian order with acanthus capital. Architect Iktinus

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens. 334 BCE

Phillip of Macedon

Conquests of Greece from 359-336 BCE

Alexander the Great

Son of Phillip of Macedon, continued to conquer a massive empire from Greece to India. Died 323 BCE

Battle of Issus

333 BCE. Battle in southern Anatolia (turkey), won by Alexander the Great over Persian king Darius III.

cosmopolis

“world-city” - shift from polis to cosmopolis after macedonian conquests of Hellenistic civilization. Monarchy, citizens had less political power, culture blended with persian, egyptian, greek, individualism philosophy