Allophones and Various Markings for Phonetics

word initial becomes aspirated

devoiced when voiceless stops are word initial or final

[:]

Vowel elongated because followed by devoiced stop

dentalized because it is followed by interdental fricative

velarized because it is word final

flap because of onset of stressless syllable

version of past tense “ed” (sounds like iiid)

occurs at the end of words, voiceless stops can be unreleased

glottal stop, rapid adduction and abduction, hear a stop in the middle of the word (uh oh)

“h” is voiced when it appears in between vowels

devoiced w, spelled wh

When stem ends in /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, parital devoicing

when vowel before nasal consonant it becomes nasalized

[.]

syllable, most often it starts with a consonant

[‘]

stress, louder, longer

[,]

secondary stress (like in the word understanding. ,under’standing)