IB Global Politics: Development Case Studies

Vocabulary flashcards covering key development initiatives, policies, economic strategies, and social programmes across the IB Global Politics case studies: Vietnam, India, Cuba, Somalia, Bangladesh, and Saudi Arabia.

Đổi Mới

A comprehensive economic reform package initiated by Vietnam in $1986$ that shifted the nation from a centrally planned economy toward a socialist-oriented market economy, encouraging private enterprise and international trade while preserving single-party governance.

Export-Led Industrialisation (Vietnam)

Vietnam's economic development model centered on integrating into global manufacturing supply chains—particularly electronics, textiles, and footwear—generating merchandise exports of approximately $\text{US}\$405\text{ billion}$ in $2024$.

Integrated Climate Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Project

A World Bank-supported environmental programme in Vietnam's Mekong Delta that helped more than $1\text{ million}$ farmers adopt climate-resilient agricultural practices against flooding, saltwater intrusion, and sea-level rise.

Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM) System

An Indian digital public infrastructure initiative combining biometric identity (Aadhaar), mobile connectivity, and bank accounts (Jan Dhan), exceeding $540\text{ million}$ accounts by November $2024$ to facilitate direct welfare transfers and financial inclusion.

Make in India

An economic policy initiative launched by the Government of India to incentivize domestic manufacturing, boost foreign and local investment, generate employment, and reduce reliance on imported goods.

Jal Jeevan Mission

A major Indian rural development mission launched in $2019$ designed to deliver functional household tap-water connections to every rural household, notably reducing water collection burdens for women.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

An Indian social security statute guaranteeing eligible rural households up to $100\text{ days}$ of wage employment per financial year, under which women performed approximately $58\%$ of total person-days in $2024\text{--}2025$.

Ayushman Bharat — Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

A publicly financed health insurance scheme in India providing low-income households with coverage for hospital treatments, with approximately $360\text{ million}$ beneficiary cards created by November $2024$.

State-Led Social Development Model (Cuba)

Cuba's constitutional framework prioritizing universal, free public healthcare and education alongside extensive state economic control, achieving an average life expectancy of approximately $78\text{ years}$ and an infant mortality rate of $7.1\text{ deaths per } 1{,}000\text{ live births}$.

Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) in Cuba

Private commercial entities authorized under contemporary Cuban economic reforms to operate alongside state enterprises, aimed at expanding entrepreneurship and increasing the supply of domestic goods amid resource shortages.

Tarea Vida

Cuba's state plan to combat climate change adopted in $2017$, establishing a long-term national policy for coastal protection, ecosystem conservation, and land-use restrictions against sea-level rise and coastal erosion.

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative (Somalia)

An international multilateral debt-relief framework under which Somalia achieved the final completion point in December $2023$, securing significant debt cancellation and unlocking normalized access to international development finance.

Water for Rural Resilience (Barwaaqo) Project

A World Bank-financed infrastructure initiative in Somalia focused on water harvesting, groundwater recharge, and watershed management, providing $337{,}434\text{ people}$ with improved access to water sources.

Baxnaano Programme

A Somali national social safety-net programme supported by international partners that provides direct cash transfers to roughly $4\text{ million}$ vulnerable individuals affected by poverty and climatic shocks.

Somalia Multi-Partner Fund

A World Bank-administered pooled funding mechanism that supports federal institutional capacity, core public financial administration, and essential public service delivery in post-conflict Somalia.

8th Five-Year Plan (2020–2025)

Bangladesh's national development policy roadmap aimed at sustaining economic growth, expanding employment, developing physical infrastructure, and lowering national poverty rates.

Ready-Made Garment (RMG) Industry (Bangladesh)

The leading sector of Bangladesh's export economy, which positioned the country as the second-largest apparel exporter globally while driving formal female employment, though challenged by limited export diversification and low wages.

Cyclone Preparedness Programme (Bangladesh)

A nationwide disaster mitigation network of early warning systems, coastal storm shelters, and protective infrastructure that has reduced cyclone-related fatalities approximately $100\text{-fold}$ since $1970$.

Saudi Vision 2030

A comprehensive national development strategy introduced by Saudi Arabia in $2016$ to diversify the national economy away from oil revenues, expand private enterprise, develop tourism, and increase domestic employment.

Public Investment Fund (PIF)

Saudi Arabia's sovereign wealth fund functioning as the primary investment engine for Vision $2030$, deploying capital into domestic non-oil sectors including infrastructure, renewable energy, and tourism.

Saudi Green Initiative

An environmental initiative launched by Saudi Arabia in $2021$ setting targets to lower carbon emissions, expand renewable electricity capacity, and plant billions of trees to counter desertification and environmental degradation.

Women's Labour Market Reforms (Saudi Arabia)

A series of workplace legal protections, regulatory adjustments, and childcare initiatives that contributed to raising female labour force participation in Saudi Arabia from $22.8\%$ in $2016$ to $33.5\%$ in the third quarter of $2024$.