HK 258 Exam 1

How are skills performed

motor control

how are skills acquired

motor learning

Cognitive skills

person must learn what to do

Give an example of a cognitive skill

chess

motor skills

person must learn or know how to do it

give an example for a motor skill

pole vaulting

dichotomy

most be able to solve both cognitive and motor aspects of performance, quarterback

why do we study skills

important for developing training regimes, interest in knowing, designing human machine interfaces

description

direct, numbers

explanation

reasonings, opinions

theory

explanations of a particular description, theories have hypotheses, tested by conduction of an experiment

components to define a skill

implies some desired goal, end result with max certainty, minimization of energy and time expenditure

3 elements critical to any skill

perceiving relevant environmental features, what where and when to do it, producing organized muscle activity

open skill

one where environment is variable and unpredictable

closed skill

one where environment is stable and predictable

discrete skill

easily defined beginning and end, brief duration of movement, measured outcome score

continuous skill

no beginning or end includes tracking

tracking

performers movements control device to follow movements of a target, scored using root mean error score

serial skills

group of discrete skills strung together to make a new, more complicated skill action

information processing stages

stimulus identification, response selection, motor programming

what does environment include

relevant environment

error score

difference between performers score and the goal

what can error be measured in terms of

bias, accuracy, precision

bias

measure of whether performance tends to be long or short, fast or slow, constant error calculates bias, field goal example

constant error

average difference between a set of scores and the target value, measure of bias, do these scores tend to be below the target value or above the target value

accuracy

measures how close a score is to the target

precision

how inconsistent a set of scores is

what is the current favored measure of accuracy

root mean squared error

root mean squared error

calculation of how far off you are from the goal (black line from red line), continuous tasks produce many error scores on singular trial which is why it is shown as a line

information processing approach

theres an input and then the human is the processor of information and the output is the skilled movement

what is the most common input

visual input

explain bits

more data means more processing time which means more amount of uncertainty, when reducing uncertainty by ½ each time allows info to be understood in terms of base unit 2; 64 squares = 6 bits because 2 to the 6th is 64

explain stimulus identification

provides info about nature of input

explain response selection

what to do and how it should be done

explain movement programming

organize motor program

hicks law

when SR alternatives increases there is an increase in time required to respond to them, explains how reaction time changes due to number of choices, large increase in reaction time when choices increase from 1 to 2 choices; found relationship between reaction time and log2(N) is linear

anticipation

being able to reduce amount of info to process by knowing what to expect or elimination alternatives

movement time

period of time from end of RT until completion of movement

response time interval

time between presented stimulus and beginning of the response

response time

reaction time interval and movement time

automatic processing

very fast reactions that are slowed little as SR alternatives are increased

donders study

measured RT in three tasks, found subtracting reaction c (which used stimulus identification and motor programming) from choice RT provided a measurement of response selection duration and subtracting c reaction from simple RT found duration of stimulus identification

attention

thought of a process of capturing the mind

three aspects of attention

effort, selective, limited capacity

stroop effect

the two lists of words, your brain automatically processes information without interference (parallel processing)

psychological refractory period

two stimuli are presented in rapid succession and told to respond, delay in RT2 when S2 closely follows presentation of S1, R2 must wait until programming of R1 is done, delay is longest when SOA is short

karlin and kestenbaum

conducted a PRP experiment, used two different S2 - R2 tasks, simple RT and choice RT, found S2 can be processed in parallel with S1

grouping

when SOA is less than 40 ms the motor system detects both stimuli as a single event and organizes a single action where the body responds simultaneously

probe task technique

participant perform primary task, then researcher probes the attention demanded by presenting a secondary task - researcher uses RT to probe to measure the attention demanded by the primary task

choking

change in attentional focus due to shift from automatic/external focus to thinking about how to perform the movement