bio test 1

How does practicing course material using organizers facilitate learning?

I, III, and IV (Helps chunk info, build connections, improves retrieval)

CORRECTLY sequence the following steps of the process of memory formation.

II -> III -> IV -> I (Stimulus received -> Short-term memory -> Encoding -> Long-term memory)

Identify which of the following statements best describes learning.

Gene expression occurring during the life of the organism.

CORRECTLY sequence the steps in stimulating Long Term Potentiation (LTP) for a student in General Biology.

I -> II -> III -> IV (Attending lecture -> Organizing material -> Practicing outcomes -> Reevaluating organizers)

Identify which of the following best describes what happens when information held in long term memory is used.

Retrieval

Sequence Long-Term Potentiation. Identify which of the following is/are involved in stimulating LTP.

I and II (Retrieval and Encoding)

The human brain can be modified after birth based on a person's personal experiences. This remolding is termed:

Neuronal plasticity

Sequence the scientific method. What step directly follows the identification of a problem or question?

Gathering background information

Identify which of the following is the best definition for a prediction made during the scientific method.

What you expect to see when you test your hypothesis.

Stanley Miller's famous experiment was designed to simulate early conditions on planet Earth. If his results did not match his predictions, which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE?

The initial hypothesis that Miller based his experiment on should be revised.

Emergence is a core theme of biology. Identify which of the following choices is an example of emergent properties.

An ant colony exhibits complex behaviors that each individual ant does not display.

Compare and contrast chemical bonds. When two atoms interact and one atom has an electronegativity that is extremely larger than the other they will form a(n):

Polar covalent bond.

Chemical bonds are the result of:

How atoms share electrons.

Compare and contrast emergent properties of water. Which of the following results from attractions between water molecules?

Cohesion results in surface tension.

Identify which term is used to describe molecules like phospholipids, which have regions that DO NOT have an affinity for water, and regions that DO have an affinity for water.

Amphipathic

One molecule of water and one molecule of glucose will interact through the formation of a hydrogen bond. Which of the following is therefore TRUE?

This bond results from the attraction of a partial negative charge and a partial positive charge.

Compare and contrast biological molecules. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are normal components of the human diet. What features do these molecules have in common?

Their subunits are joined by covalent bonds.

Butter is a greasy food that does not dissolve in water. Identify the statement which CORRECTLY describes butter.

The glycerol component is hydrophobic.

Compare and contrast biological molecules. Which statement is TRUE for BOTH glycosidic linkages and peptide bonds?

They connect monomers in the synthesis of polymers.

Identify which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes dehydration reactions.

Builds polymers

Temperatures that are too high will drastically reduce the activity of the proteins involved in DNA synthesis in the human testes because the high temperature disrupts the bonding and interaction between _____ in the proteins, causing them to denature.

Amino acids

Compare and contrast dehydration reactions and hydrolysis. Which of the following statements are TRUE?

I, II, and III (Dehydration produces water, hydrolysis is exergonic, both catalyzed by enzymes)

Identify which of the following is NOT a component of all phospholipids.

A methyl group

Stanley Miller's famous experiment simulated early conditions on planet Earth. Which of the following did his experiment produce?

Organic monomers (Amino acids)

Identify which of the following organisms were most likely responsible for the oxygen revolution/apocalypse.

Photosynthetic bacteria

You encounter a small structure while swimming in the ocean. Back in the lab you find it to be a sphere comprised of organic phosphate and hydrocarbons. Inside there are no proteins, only some simple sugars and ions. What have you found?

Protocell

Identify which of the following is/are preconditions for abiotic synthesis of monomers.

II and IV (A source of energy, compounds containing C, N, O, and H)

CORRECTLY sequence the following in the development of life on Earth.

IV -> III -> I -> II -> V (Monomers -> Polypeptides -> Protocells -> Heterotrophy -> Heredity)

CORRECTLY sequence the following evolutionary developments in the history of life in the order in which they appeared.

III -> I -> II -> IV -> V (Protocells -> Prokaryotic cells -> Photosynthesis -> Oxygen Revolution -> Eukaryotic cells)

Sequence endosymbiosis. The evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts BOTH involved the ingestion of a(n):

Prokaryotic cell by a eukaryotic cell.

Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which of the following structures or regions contain DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

I and II (Nucleus and Mitochondria)

Identify which of the following structures catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds.

Ribosomes

Oxygen is detrimental to the spontaneous formation of organic monomers because it:

Is an oxidizing agent.

CORRECTLY sequence a hydrolases enzyme passing through the endomembrane system as it is being synthesized and modified.

I -> II -> IV -> III (Rough ER -> Golgi Apparatus -> Primary lysosome -> Secondary lysosome)

You are investigating life in hot springs and isolate a new-to-science unicellular organism. This cell has plasma membranes, ribosomes, and DNA, but no internal membranes. What kind of cell did you most likely isolate?

Prokaryotic

A eukaryotic cell is treated with a non-polar solvent. Hypothesize which components of the cell breakdown as a result.

II and III (Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus)

Identify which of the following is defined as a fluid-filled compartment surrounded by a membrane-like structure.

Vesicle

Identify which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus.

Protein modification and export.

Identify which of the following does NOT require a vesicle to transport in the cell.

Adding phospholipids to the plasma membrane.

Identify the type of lipid that are the primary component of the cell membrane.

Phospholipids

Hypothesize which functions or characteristics would be impeded if all proteins were removed from a eukaryotic cell membrane.

I and IV (Sodium-potassium pump, Transport of ions across membrane)

The carbon dioxide molecules that are produced in a cell during aerobic cellular respiration move out of the cell because they:

Follow their concentration gradient.

Compare and contrast bulk transport. Which statements describe BOTH phagocytosis AND pinocytosis?

I and V (Plasma membrane pinches in, Requires input of energy from cell)

Identify which substances can move across a cell membrane by simple diffusion.

Gases and small, nonpolar molecules

A solution surrounding a cell that causes the cell to lose water is:

Hypertonic.

A protein that spans the entire phospholipid bilayer is:

I and IV (Amphipathic and Integral)

Identify which bond in an ATP molecule is considered a "high energy" bond.

Between second and third phosphate (Terminal phosphate)

Probenecid is a drug that blocks ion transport in kidney cells thereby preventing the movement of uric acid into the cells. Normal transport of uric acid requires the use of metabolic energy. Based on this information, hypothesize which statement is TRUE.

Probenecid inhibits a transmembrane transport protein.

Identify which of the following describes a reaction in which the ΔG has decreased.

Endergonic reactions have occurred

A reaction that results in a net loss of free energy is:

Exergonic.

Identify which of the following are TRUE regarding enzyme function.

Increase activation energy.

Consider the following reaction. Which of the statements are TRUE about the following reaction? 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy <=> C6H12O6 + 6O2

III and IV (This is an anabolic reaction, This reaction results in -ΔG)

NADH is a molecule that stores the energy from:

Electrons.

Select ALL the features which describe the reaction depicted in this graph (Gibbs Free Energy vs Time).

I, III, IV, and V (Spontaneous, Negative free energy change, Catabolic, Cannot occur without an enzyme)

Identify the source of the carbon used in photosynthesis.

CO2 in the air

Oxidation is:

The loss of one or more electrons

Identify which of the following is TRUE concerning light and photons.

Photon energy is inversely proportional to wavelength

CORRECTLY sequence the pathway of an electron during linear electron flow during the light reactions.

III -> II -> I -> IV (Photosystem II -> Electron transport chain -> Photosystem I -> NADP+ reduction)

Sequence photosynthesis. Which statement CORRECTLY describes how an electron is affected when it absorbs a photon?

II and IV (It becomes more strongly charged, It has higher potential E)

Identify the source of energy that excites the electrons during photosynthesis.

Light

Identify the function of NADPH in the Calvin Cycle.

It provides a source of electrons to reduce organic molecules into sugars.

Sequence the stages of photosynthesis. During the light reaction, ATP synthase produces ATP when hydrogen ions:

Follow their concentration gradient.

Which of the following describes the role of water during linear electron flow in photosynthesis?

It is a source of electrons.

CORRECTLY sequence cellular respiration starting with a molecule of glucose entering the cell.

I -> II -> IV -> III -> V

Hypothesize the result of inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.

The Citric acid cycle would stop.

Identify which of the following is oxidized during cellular respiration.

Glucose

Identify in what form energy is stored after cellular respiration.

ATP

Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Which of the following occur in BOTH?

II and V (Redox reactions, Electron transport chain)

Sequence cellular respiration. In which of the stages of cell respiration is NAD+ reduced?

I, II, and III (Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle)

CORRECTLY sequence the forms of chemical energy found during cellular respiration.

II -> III -> I -> IV (Covalent bonds in glucose -> e- in NADH -> Proton gradient -> ATP)