gamebird ecology test 1

what was game management in the 19th century?

settle the west for ag and urban development

what were some improvements in modern technology that allowed for market hunting to explode?

rifles, punt guns, telegraphs, and refrigerated rail cars

what magazine originally showed many things related to hunting?

cosmopolitan

what were some of the early rules which helped to slow market hunting?

love of fair play, shoot only on wing, use proper technique, seek to display noble manhood, chase only worthwhile if done with style, risk, and dash, unfair advantage over quarry a sign of an unethical hunter

what prohibited interstate transport of wildlife that had been taken contrary to state law and stopped market hunting? (1900)

Lacey act

what were three things that the Lacey act added?

add seasons, institute daily bag limits, ban punt guns

what are the three pillars of conservation?

habitat, populations, people

what were the five sections of the Lacey Act?

power to secretary of agriculture for restoration of game birds, prohibited import of any foreign wild animal, banned illegally taking wildlife across state lines, all packages with wildlife must be properly marked for inspection, interstate shippers subjected to laws of state the item was shipped to

what act (1913) allowed the secretary of agriculture to set seasons and laws over riding state authority, stopped harvest of non game birds and spring harvest of game birds, but was unfortunately struck down in lower courts?

weeks mclean act

what did senator mcclean pass which gave the president the authority to convene conventions for the protections of migratory birds, and was between Canada and the US (1916)?

Migratory Bird Convention and Treaty with Canada

what act defined three groups of birds, migratory game birds, migratory insectivorous birds, and other migratory nongame/gamebirds, required a 10 year closed season on swans and whooping cranes, 5 year closed season on wood ducks and eiders, protection of nests and eggs of migratory birds, prohibition of shipping or exporting migratory birds or their eggs? (1918)

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

what was the case which tested the migratory bird treaty act in 1920, where Missouri had filled a restraint against Ray Holland from enforcing the Migratory Bird treaty act within the state? this ultimately established that the federal government had the authority for making laws on federal wildlife protections?

Missouri v Holland

what three other countries joined the migratory bird treaty act? other than US and Canada?

Mexico, Japan, USSR

what was added in the 1998 Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act?

no baiting to harvest

what was added in the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform act of 2004, because Mute Swans are not native?

only native species are protected

what created the migratory bird conservation commission to approve purchase and leasing of refuge lands, appropriated $7.8 million for this purpose and between 1903-1928 47 refuges were established and between 1929-1933 15 refuges were established?(1929)

Migratory Bird Conservation Act

what created the statuary authority for the creation of the national wildlife refuge system, and required all waterfowl hunters 16+ to purchase a stamp, where the proceeds go to purchasing wetlands for the protection of habitat? (1934) currently over 138 million have been sold and have brought in over $800 million for conservation

Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act

how many refuges are there and how many acres?

562, 150 million

frederic Lincoln gave birth to the flyway concept in 1935, what are the four flyways of North America?

Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, Pacific

what act was passed in 1937, and put an 11% federal excise tax on all sporting arms, ammunition and archery equipment, is apportioned to states each year based on total area and amount of hunters, and has provided $8 billion for hunter ed, habitat restoration, and research?

Pittman Robertson Act

what two methods were used in the waterfowl breeding population and habitat survey of 1955?

visibility correction factors, bayesian hierarchical modeling

how many birds have been banded and how many recoveries are their roughly each year?

16 million, 90000

what added Waterfowl Production Areas to preserve wetlands and grasslands critical to waterfowl and other wildlife and ~ 95% of WPAs are located in the prairie pothole areas of North and South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana? (1966)

National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act

what Along with the Clean Air Act, major legislation to create environmental standards, Wetlands with a significant nexus to navigable waterways subject to regulation (most everything, Section 404: requires permitting to fill wetlands? (1972, 1977)

Clean Water Act

about half of the US historic wetlands has been lost, how many acres is that?

220 million

¾ of the remaining wetland is privately owned, and in the prairie pothole region about 90% of the wetlands are privately owned, with 40% - 90% being drained, how many ducks are usually in this region?

10 million

in the 1985, 1990, and 1996 farm bill, Farmers who drain wetlands are ineligible for federal subsidies and benefits. Any wetland converted to agriculture must be replaced by the restoration of another previously converted wetland, what is this called?

swampbuster

what Retires environmentally sensitive cropland from production in 10-15 year reimbursement contracts. Includes A SUITE of private land conservation programs. E.g.:

• CP9 - Shallow water areas

• CP21 - Filter strips

• CP22 - Riparian buffer

• CP23 - Wetland restoration?

(1985)

conservation reserve program

in what does the NRCS pays the landowner an amount based on the agricultural value of the land and the length of the easements, NRCS will pay up to 100 percent of the restoration costs for permanent easements and up to 75 percent for 30-year easements? 1990, 2014

wetland reserve easements

what was Signed by Canada and the U.S. and later by Mexico in 1994, Continent wide undertaking to protect wetlands and associated waterfowl populations.  Assists technical committees, Goals: continent wide population of 62 million breeding waterfowl (100 million in fall flight) with population targets for 10 ducks species, 27 goose populations, 5 swan populations, and secure/restore/enhance 11.4 million ha of wetland? (1986)

North American waterfowl management plan

what Break states into Joint Ventures to oversee administration, finances, and coordination of plan and Create species specific joint ventures: 1) Black Duck JV, 2) Arctic Goose JV, and 3) Sea Duck JV?

North American waterfowl management plan

what Passed in 1989, provides competitive federal funding for wetland conservation, projects are typically ~$1 million each, Federal dollars MUST be matched 1:1, Most are leveraged at 3:1 or more (and DU helps!), Current funding levels are at $75 million/year, Congressional appropriation, Fines from the MBTA, Interest collected on P-R funds?

North American wetlands conservation act

by 2012 NAWMP and NAWCA results Spent >$4.5 billion, how many hectares did they conserve?

15.7 million ha

what is the classification and nomenclature of biodiversity?

systematics

what ecological drivers to lineages reveal, which is important to conservation?

selection, gene flow, genetic drift, diet

what states are phylogenetic trees based on?

ancestral and derived traits

what is a character (or molecular sequence) that is shared among all those in a single [monophyletic] group?

ancestral state

what represent evolutionary novelties that occur at lower taxonomic levels and are useful in determining relatedness?

derived states

what taxonomy was roughly between(1900-1970), Based on visual identifiers: morphology and behavior, involved Evolutionary systematics, and its main biases involved visually observable traits, which could have been caused by convergent evolution?

Linnaean Taxonomy

what taxonomy was roughly from (1970-1990), Based on morphology, but emphasizes evolutionary relationships (shared vs. derived characteristics) (Cracraft) and Based on the proportion of measurable characteristics that groups have in common?

cladistics

what taxonomy is (1990-present), Based on analysis of DNA, DNA – DNA hybridization (Sibley & Ahlquist), Sanger based DNA sequencing and Next-generation partial or full genome re-sequencing?

Molecular

what uses trees to depict evolutionary relationships among organisms, Typically considered a bifurcating history, BUT sometimes it is unresolvable (whether due to data limitations OR representing a true rapid/adaptive history?

molecular phylogeny

what subclass are “new birds”?

neornithes

what subclass are extinct birds?

archaeornithes

what superorder are the ancient jaw birds?

palaeognathae

what super order are the new jaw birds?

neognathae

what dinosaur was found that is roughly 75 million years old, and looks kind of like a duck?

Halszkaraptor escuilliei

what was the key adaptation of waterfowl that allowed them to radiate around the world as they allowed species to invade new niche space?

filter feeding

what order is land birds?

galliformes

what clade includes waterfowl and other fowl?

galloanserae

what clade includes other birds?

neoaves

what order contains waterfowl?

anseriformes

what family is restricted to South America, has large goose-like, chicken-like bill, broad wings with sharp spurs, longs legs, long toes; semi-palmate, swim well; perch, walk on floating vegetation, single annual gradual molt (no flightless period), plumage - monomorphic; no feather tracts, nest on ground, on vegetation in marsh, 2-6 eggs; both sexes incubate and tend young, screamers?

Anhimidae

what family is a species in Australia & New Guinea, large stork-like (2500 g), semi-terrestrial, strong hooked-bill for digging, long toes with semi-palmate webbing, frequently perch, single annual sequential molt (no flightless period), colonial nesting; polygynous
(1 male & 2+ females), both females lay in the same nest;
9-10 eggs total, offspring also fed bill-to-bill by parents, magpie goose?

anseranatidae

what family includes most waterfowl, around 165 species?

anatidae

what is some duck morphology?

large bodied, palmate feet, broad flattened bill with lamellae, bill tipped by nail, dense waterproof feathers with a layer of down, scutellate legs

what means the legs have overlapping scales, ducks?

scutellate

what means the legs have netting like scales, geese?

reticulate

what family has single flattened bill with lamellae (lamellate bill), bill tipped by nail (dertrum). forward three toes webbed (palmate); single flap on hind toe, legs generally short, laterally placed (strong swimmers, poor walkers), powerful flyers, once airborne, well developed uropygial (oil) gland, entire surface covered in down in adults, eggs plain, young downy and precocial, 1 - 2 molts per year; simultaneous wing molt (flightless), and Strong parental care; elaborate courtship?

anatidae

what subfamily includes whistling ducks?

dendrocygninae

what subfamily includes swans and geese?

anserinae

what subfamily includes true ducks?

anatinae

what tribe includes swans, trumpeter, tundra, mute?

cygnini

what tribe includes true geese, Canada goose, cackling goose, snow goose, ross’s goose, white fronted goose, brant, emperor goose?

anserini

what tribe includes dabbling ducks, mallard, northern pintail, american widgeon, gadwall, teals, northern shoveler?

anatini

what tribe includes diving ducks, canvasback, redhead, ring necked duck, scaup?

aythyini

what tribe includes sea ducks, mergansers, harlequin, goldeneyes, buffleheads, long tailed duck, scoters, and king eider?

mergini

what tribe includes stiff tailed ducks, ruddy duck?

oxyurini

what is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through (geological) time?

biogeography

what are Communities of plants and animals with similar adaptations to their particular physical environment called?

biomes

what do Species in the same biome in geographically separate regions display?

convergent evolution

who advanced the idea of natural selection along with Darwin, saw that differences between species could not be caused by climate and soil alone?

alfred russel wallace

what did Wallace divide the world into, includes the nearctic, neotropical, antarctic, palearctic, Ethiopian, oriental, and Australian?

biogeographic regions

what landmass contains the highest number of species of waterfowl (48%)?

Eurasia

what two landmasses have the greatest similarity in species between them(31%)?

North America and Eurasia

which hemisphere has a higher diversity, low distinctiveness(genera/species), and high similarity between continents?

northern hemisphere

which hemisphere has low diversity, a high distinctiveness (genera/species), and low similarity between continents?

southern hemisphere

what means having a distribution throughout eurasia and North America, examples include mallard, northern pintail, gadwall, northern shoveler, and green winged teal?

holarctic

where did anatidae start?

europe

how did anatidae grow to be diverse?

started in Europe, rapid diversification and dispersal, isolation in southern hemisphere caused large differences, diverse radiation in northern hemisphere, endemism in southern hemisphere reflects longer isolation/restricted niches

what percentage of waterfowl are located in North America?

35%

what serves as the goose factory, Breeding habitat for most geese, Arid, but poor drainage = stable water, Brief but highly productive growing season, Stable water (mostly permanent ponds), Highly productive fluvial system, constant deposition of nutrients, and Never go dry?

arctic tundra, deltas

what includes thin stands of black spruce, extensive bog & muskeg, conifers, willow, aspen & birch, Rocky, rough topography, Oligotrophic lakes, fast rivers, Low productivity, but huge area, Important breeding habitat for: some dabblers, sea ducks, and pochards (scaup, ring-necked)?

western boreal forests (taiga)

what is (30-35 million ha), Transition zone between boreal/taiga and prairie, Slightly higher rainfall & lower evaporation (more stable water), Ponds fed by snow melt, Highly productive when wet, (40-45 million ha) = The “Duck Factory” :, , Produces 50-80% of primary game ducks in N. America (only 10-20% of area), Pond densities: avg. 11/km2 (up to 40), Potholes formed as depressions by glaciers, Potholes annually filled by snow melt; wet-dry cycles keep in early successional stages, Highly productive when wet, Subject to drought and (now) draining (for ag.)?

parklands, prairie potholes

what has, Extensive & productive coastal and estuarine marshes, Important winter and migration habitat, High diversity of habitats due to gradients in salinity, Much of valley was seasonal wetland formed by floods and snow melt, Flooding provided wet-dry cycle -  highly productive, Historically, ~50 million waterfowl, now ~4-7 million, Critical winter and migration habitat for: pintail, teal, white-fronts, Ross geese, Cackling geese, Agriculture, water diversion and urban development has resulted in a 90% reduction of available wetland?

pacific coast and central valley

what includes Southern high plains dotted with 25,000 circular wetlands, Formed by wind deflation on short grass prairies during the Pleistocene, Semiarid region, but variable, Impervious soil (clay) retains water (like prairie potholes), Important winter and migration area for some pochards and dabblers, Highly intensive agriculture?

playas

what includes Historic floodplain of the Mississippi River, important migration corridor for dabblers, pochards, and geese, Especially valuable wintering habitat for wood ducks, mallards, and geese, Extensive flooded hardwood forests, Coastal estuarine marshes with inland freshwater marshes provide diverse habitats that are key wintering habitat for many species of dabblers and Pochards, and Also home to the non-migratory Mottled Duck?

mississippi alluvial valley and gulf coast

what is Similar to Pacific Coast: extensive coastal and estuarine marshes provide highly productive winter and migration habitat (esp. American black duck, some sea ducks), Diversity of habitats due to salinity gradients?

atlantic coast

what order includes pheasant, grouse, and quail?

galliformes

what family includes turkeys, grouse, partridge, and pheasants, they have fowl-like beak; upper mandible overlaps lower, well-developed aftershafts (hypoptile) on contour feathers, 4 toes; hind toe elevated in NA species; on same level as front toes in Megapodidae & Cracidae, short, rounded wings, well-developed crop, muscular gizzard & large intestinal ceca, ground nesters, downy, highly precocial young, Examples: Ring-necked pheasants, turkey, ruffed grouse, sharp tail grouse?

phasianidae

what family includes quail, unfeathered nostrils, small body size, edge of lower mandible slightly serrated or toothed, unfeathered tarsus, monogamous - males helps with brood rearing, highly gregarious (in coveys) during non-breeding season, Examples: Northern Bobowhite, Montezuma, Gambel’s, Scaled?

odontophoridae

what are groups of quail called?

coveys

what subfamily includes turkeys, metallic coloration, skin of head and neck is bare and carunculate (warts), sexes similar - female is smaller and duller colored, gregarious and polygamous, terrestrial; roosts in trees?

meleagridinae

what subfamily includes grouse, ptarmigan, feathered nostrils, tarsus feathered to toes (to tip in winter in ptarmigan), pectinate toes, eye comb, often have modified airs sacs (used in display), polygamous or promiscuous, not highly gregarious?

tetraoninae

what subfamily includes pheasants, unfeathered nostrils, spurs on tarsus may be present, terrestrial, strong flyers, polygamous, gregarious?

phasianinae

what order includes cranes and rails?

gruiformes

what family includes cranes, bare red areas or ornamental plumes on head, straight, long bill, long legs with tibiae partly bare, elevated hind toe, unwebbed, large wings; inner secondaries may extend past tail or are curled, no crop, sexes similar, deferred maturity, Precocial young (leave nest); strong parental care?

gruidae

what family includes rails, short, stout bill or long and decurved; coots and gallinules have horny shield, strong legs and feet with tibiae partly bare, short rounded wings; weak flight, short tail; soft feathers, laterally compressed bodies, sexes similar, tend to be secretive, solitary marsh habitat, precocial young; strong parental care?

rallidae

what order contains snipe, woodcock, and sandpipers, slender bill (probing), long toes; tibiae partly bare in many species, long wings; strong migrants, short tail, back cryptically patterned, open habitat near water, gregarious, sexes similar, precocial young; parental care?

charadriiformes

what family contains snipe, woodcock, and sandpipers?

scolopacidae