Bio 100 after exam 2

cells recycle energy by utilizying the first law of thermodynaimcs, how do they do this

constantly converting energy between kinetic and potential

when is the 2nd law of thermodyanmics used in energy creation

during the electron trnaposrt chain

glycolosis happwns in what cell types

all

is glycolisis aerobic or anerobic

anerobic

where does glyocolisis happen

cytoplasm

how much ATP is netted from glyocliss

2

what are the three fates after glycoliss and what cells see each one

nothing else happens (prokaryotes)

products stay in cytosol and eneter fermentation (anerobic)

Products enter mitochonrdira for cellular respirtaion

in glycolisis a glucose is split into two what

pyruvate

what are the two phases of glycolis

energy investing and energy harvesting

how many enzymes are in the glycolisis pathway

10

during the energy investment phase glucose gets both ends phosphorlyted by ATP which turns it into what

fructose biphosphate

how much ATP is used to turn glucose into fructose biphosphate

2 ATP

What is special about fructose Biphosphate

it is very energized and easy to split

during the energy harvesting phase what is the fructose biphosphate broke ndown into

two Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (g3p)

 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (g3p) is converted into what through what

a series of enymes converts each G3P into pyruvate

coupled exergonic reactions start with

2 NAD+

and

4ADP

what do they turn into

4ADP to 4ATP

what goes into glycolis overall

1 glucose

2 NAD+

4 ADP+P

what results from glyoclis

2 pyruvates

2 NADH

2 ADP+P

4ATP

The second fate after glycolisis is what

fermentation

fermntation results in one of what two things

Lactate or ethanol

Alchohol fermentatino happens where after glytoclisis

the cyotosol

is fermantation aerboic or anerobic

Anerobic

does glycolis need an aerboi or anerobic condition

either is fine

Fermentation regenerates what and why does it

NAD+ so glycolisis can persist

in fermentation a pyruvate is turned into what

ethanol+carbon dioxide

In fermentation endergoinc reactiosn consume energy from NADH turning it into what

NAD+

fermentation does not make ATP, what is its value

to make NAD+ ready for glycolisis

we are aerboic because the primary way of making ATP after glyocolosis requires what

free oxygen

what is aerboic capacity

the maximum rate O2 can be taken in and used by cells

some cells can work without oxygen for short periods of time, but what builds up causing a burnign feeling

Lactic acid

why does fermnation happen even though it doesnt make ATP

to maxamize efficency of glyoclisis NAD+ must be present to recieve electrons and get reduced to NADH

When there is no O2 NADH has to dump those enerzied electrons into pyruvate creating waste products such as

lactic acid in animal cells

ethanol in plants and yeast

what is the third fate after glycolis

cellular respirtaion

cellular respiration requires a cell exchange gasses with sourronidngs what are those gasses

takes in oxygen from O2

gets rid of wastes like CO2

in the cellular respiration pathway there is the enzymatic pathway which catalyzes convertion of pyruvate into what and harvests how much ATP

CO2 and water

34 ATP

how many enxymes are inovlved in the enzymatic pathway

more than 2 dozen

Cellular respiration is one of the most imporatnt what

metabolic pathways

the cellular respiraiton is a _____ pathway that rleases energy cells needed to maintain functions of like

exergonic

fill this in

Cellular respiration can be described as what

a sequential process to convert glucose fully into 36 ATP

what are the three main parts of cellular respiration

Glycolisis
krebs cycle

electron transport chain

When does Acetyl coA formation happen

in between glycolisis and Krebs cycle

in between glycolisis and the krebs cycle what happwns

Acetyle coA formation where Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl+CO2

then coenzyme A attaches to Acetyle and delivers it to the krebs cycle

during Acetyl CoA formation what essential electron is charged, and when will it be used

NAD is charged turning into NADH in used in the electron trnsaport chain later

where is ACetyl coA made

the mitochondrial matrix

What goes into the Acetyl CoA pathway

2 pyruvates

2 CoA molechules

2 NAD+

what comes out of the Acetyl CoA pathway

2 acetyl Coa molechules

2NADH

2 CO2

In the krebs cycle glucose is finished its breaking down all the way into what

Co2

where does the Krebs cycle take place

in the mitochondrial matrix

what is formed and broken in every turn of the krebs cycle

citric acid

As the cycle cotinues what breaks off oc citric acid one at a time and what does it form, is this exergonic or endergonic

Carbon forming CO2, exergonic

as the citric acid cycle turns an exergonic reaction breaks two carbons off of the citric acid one at a time forming Co2, what is this energy used to do

produce some ATP

When the 2 carbons break off of the citric acid what is captured

energy by electron carrier molechules

The krebs cycle produces NADH and FADH2, where do they go?

to the electron transport chain

What goes into the krebs cycle per turn, and why would we double when looking at a whole glucose

1 acetic acid/acetyle

1ADP+P

3NAD+

1 FADH+

this is the result of using one pyruvate but a glucose splits into two

what comes out of the krebs cycle

2 CO2

1 ATP

3NADH

1FADH

what is NADH

an electron carrier molechule

Glycolisis and the krebs cycle generte more ATP firectly or indirectly

indirectly

NADH stands for what

Nicotinamide adenine Dinucleotide

NAD+ carries high energy around the cell for what

chemical reactions that need a boost

where does the electron transport chain take place

the inner membranes of the mitochondria

mitochondrial memrbanes are hightly folded for what

to increase surface area for the electron transport chain

how many copies of the electron transport chain can a mitochondria accomodate

thousands

what are the two main parts of the electron transport chain?

The series of respirtory complexes (electron transport chain)

ATP synthase

What is ATP sythase

an embded protein

what is the job of ATP synthase

to Make ATP

ATP synthase utilizes chemeosmosis, what is this

the harnessing of the kinetic energy through the hydrogen ions that flow thourhg it, they want to flow down because hte electron traposrt chain keeps pumping them up gradiant

ATP synthase uses chemiosmosis to produce energy, but it needs to insert it somewhere to make ATP what recycled material does it use to make ATP

ADP+P

Before the electron transport chain, what happens to all of the carbon that makes up the backbone of the glucose.

it is broken apart

what happens to glucose during glycolisis

the 6 carbons get broken in half and turned into two 3 carbon pyruvates

what happens during acetyl CoA synthesis

2 Pyruvates are turned into 2 Acetic acids (2 carbon molechules) + carbon dioxide (1 carbon molechule)

what happesn during the krebs cycle in regards to carbo

the carbon from the two acetic acids is turned into 4 carbon dioxides

Glycolosis, Acetyle CoA syntheis, and the Krebs cycle are all about breaking down the carbon, why does this happen?

so electron carries like NADH can grab the energy that is released from this and place it into the electron transport chain

fill in the blank

the electron transport chain is a series of what

four respritory complexes

what is the final part of the electron transport chain

ATP synthase

How many transport chains could be in any given mitochondria

500-5000

During chemiosmoiss for ATP where is the high and low H+ concentartion

the high concentratin is in the intermembrane space

the low concentration is in the matrix

when hydrogen ions flow through the synthase is it active or passive

it is passive

how does chemosismois use the 2nd law of thermodynamics

H+ ions are flowing across the membrane causing entropy

What does ATP syntahse do in regards to energy

Converts the kinetic energy of the H+ into potential and stores it into ATP

Why dont we just eat glucose

because it would be inifecciant different things broken down at different places and some even need ATP to breakdown

what is the source of most glucose

plants

how do plants make glucose

photosynthesis

what is the radiant that the sun gives off called

Electromagnetic energy

the difference between two adjacent crests is called what

a wavelength

what is the full range of radiant called

the electromagnetic specturum

chloroplasts turn what energy into what energy

electromagnetic into chemical

what are hte pores in a plants leaves that allow CO2 in

stomata

what are the starting material and byproduct of photyntheis

Water and carbondioxide are hte starting which byproduces Oxygen

chlorplasta are the light abosrbibg orgnalle, whats the light abosrbing molechule in it

Chlroaphyll

what in the chrlopahyll abosrbs light

the pigments

what inside of a chlorphyll abostbs light energy

the popyrin ring

where insdide the chlroplast is chlorhyll

in the thykaloid

what are the three photopigments and their diffenecesn

Chlrophyll A: Absorbs mainly blue, violet, and red light

chlorphyll B: aborsbs mainly blue and orange light

Accesory pigments, assists with anything the other two dont and sends the energy to chloraphyll A

what are the two accesory pigments discussed in calss

Carotnids: gives yellow/oragne color

Anthocynanis: gices plants a purple/blue color to attract pollinators

what are the two parts of photsynthesis and desribe them

Light reactions: Transforms energy from light into the form of ATP and NADH

Calvin cycle: incorparting atmospheric carbon to make sugar

what are the two parts of a light reaction

1. chlrophyll absorbs solar energy and makes ATP/NADpH

2. water splitting molechule splits up water provind a source of electrons

what is a photosystem

a cluster of a few hundread pigments of molechules that are mostly chlrophylls

what does photosystem two have that onw doesnt

the water splitting molechule

what order are the photosytems used in

II then I