Ent 001 Final

hallmarks of eusociality

cooperative brood care

overlapping generations

reproductive division of labor

an ant colony contains

reproductive queen

non-reproductive workers

brood

brood contains

eggs

larvae

pupa

Colonies of ants can be thought of as superorganisms

tightly integrated and cooperative entities

complex systems of communication

division of labor (castes)

ants have occupied almost all

major terrestrial ecosystems

many species have formed what kind of relationship with ants

symbiotic relationships

some ants are serious

economic pests

other ants act as what kind of agents

biological control agents

some ants can be a source of novel

pharmaceuticals

characteristics of the hymenoptera order

mouthparts with mandibles

2 pairs of wings

series of hooks (hamuli) along the hind wing

ovipositor

haploid genetic system

haploid genetic system

males are haploid

females diploid

ants developed the ovipositor into a

stinging device

characteristics of worker ants

elongate first antennal segment (scape)
one or two waist-like nodes btwn the apparent thorax (mesosoma) & rest of abdomen
metapleural gland on mesosoma (middle body section) above hind coxa
head forward-projecting (prognathous)
wingless worker caste

ant castes have

queen

workers

males

polygyny in ants

when more than one queen are in a colony

nurse honey bees care for

developing young

termite workers care for

eggs and developing young in termites

Eva Crane

researcher and author who focused on bee and beekeeping

Edmund P. Russel

linked pesticides/war chemical tech to insect control

explored insect-human relationship

classical biological control

study of possible introduction of species to deal with pests

retinue

workers that surround honey bee queen

honey hunting for cavity nesting bees

when hunter-gatherers climb mountains to collect honey

honey harvesting from open nesting bees

when one harvests honey by way of smoke, and brushing the bees off the frame

larvae destined to become queens are fed

royal jelly

bee milk secreted from the glands in the head of the worker

propolis

made of sap

used to seal off hive

hexagon

effective shape used in hives

bee space

when bees construct hives in accordance with the size of the bees

Apis mellifera

scientific name for western bees

bee substances

wax

propolis

honey

requirements for natural selection

variation

inheritence

overproduction/struggle for existence

differential survival & reproduction

ommatidum & function

part of insect eye

captures light and sends information to nerves in brain

ocelli eye

control pitch (nose up, nose down movement) as they fly

quick reaction

determine direction relative to the sun

mosaic vision

when everything appears like a collection of pixels in the insect’s eyesight

acute vision

where resolutions are close together in an insect’s vision

langstroth hive

Took advantage of the concept of the bee space

hanging honeycombs with a 3/8 inch passageway
Design is used in most modern bee hives

acute sensory awareness

defense

communication

successful reproduction

butterflies can taste with their

feet

trophallaxis

process by which insects exchange fluid by way of mouth to mouth or anus to mouth

proctodeal trophallaxis

the exchange of stomach contents between termites

provides cellulose digesting microbes to next generation

tympanal organ

a hearing organ located on the front legs

protective resemblance

any type of mimicry which acts as defense or infiltration

analogous evolution

independent evolution of similar features that have different origins

biomimicry

study of nature’s best idea and then implementing these designs into solutions to human problems

cooling systems in termite mounds

passage to water table

main chimney

holes in wet mud

fluted shape

opening/closing vents

fungal gardens

vents closed at night

Antonio Gaudi’s works

“La Sagrada Familia”

“La Pedrera”

“The Eastgate Center Harare”

Papa New Guinea traditional baskets resemble

constructs of weaver ants with silk of their larvae

Frank Lloyd Wright

architect inspired by insects/nature

Filippo Brunelleschi architectural works

“The Duomo”

“hornet hive”

artist Tschinkel

made aluminum casts of ant tunnels

lepidoptera

butterflies, moths

diptera

flies, mosquitos

coleoptera

beetles

hymenoptera

bees, wasps, ants

Mullerian mimicry

when poisonous/harmful species develop a way to signal their danger

Batesian mimicry

when a harmless species mimics a harmful species

Blattodea

cockroaches, termites

characteristics of blattodea

soft bodied, no waist

straight, bead-like antennae

equal size forewings and hindwings

shed after mating to establish new colonies

chewing mouthparts for consuming cellulose

blattodea caste system

queen and king

workers

soldiers

alates

winged reproductive forms

blattodea reproductive cycle

Alates (winged reproductive forms) swarm to establish new colonies

Literal definition of the hive mind

collective intelligence within social insect colonies, distributed decision making system

actions are coordinated through

chemical signals (pheromones), vibrations, etc

sex of termite workers

male and female

jobs of termite workers

queen attendants, foragers, builders, cleaners, nurses, soldiers

caste determination in termites

queens registers state of colony via chemical communication, and lay eggs to fill needs of colony

fungi

allows termites to digest cellulose

detritivores

creatures like termites that remove dead wood from the ecosystem

what insects use compound eyes

flies and mosquitoes

tympanum

a tympanal membrane stretched across a frame that vibrates upon hearing noise

bombardier beetle

carries chemicals that explode at predators when mixed

5 classes in Phylum Arthropoda

chilopoda, diplopoda, crustacea, insecta, arachnida

tagmosis

functional grouping of insect segmentation

3 body parts, 3 pairs of legs

3 body segments of insects

head, thorax, abdomen

head

feeding, sensing

thorax

locomotion

abdomen

digestion, reproduction

placement of legs

one pair per segment

placement of wings

one pair for the second and third segments

exoskeleton

the outer layer of skeleton chitin that gives form to insects

advantages to exoskeleton

cylindrical, structural strength

chitin is lightweight and versatile

highly moldable

pigmentation or structural elements produce color

layers of exoskeleton consist of

hardened chitin

more pliable chitin

sclerotization

biochemical process that produces rigid layer of sclerotin on the exoskeleton

3 layers of cuticle

epi

exo

endo

mobility of segments

membrane between each section

breathing in insects

air enters through openings (spiracles) on each segment into trachea that lead to each organ

the 3 types of wings

1. two pairs used for flight

2. pair of hardened outer wings that cover membranous pair at rest, membranous pair do most of the work

3. first pair of wings do most of the work, second pair (halteres) are reduced and used for gyroscope/orientation

4 types of ways to eat

siphoning, sponging, piercing-sucking, chewing-lapping

peanut fulgorid

hollow extension of the exoskeleton on the head is a decoy for defense against predation by birds

2 types of metamorphosis

incomplete, complete

psyche

butterfly, soul

metamorphosis symbolizes

life, death, resurrection

cicadas symbolize

rebirth, reincarnation, immortality

humans need to decorate due to

status and sex

pigment and dyes from nature

cochineal, lac insects

creating textile with Batik uses

beeswax

producing textiles from insect generated fibers like

silk moth

insect images symbolize

life, death, departure of the soul, reincarnation

imitation of nature in

lamps, jewelry, curtains, furniture

carmine pigment is extracted from

cochineal insects