CNS Theoretical

What is the anatomical/histological substrate of the enlargements of the spinal cord?

Cervical:(C4-T1): Brachioplexus

Lumbosacral:(L2-S3): Lumbosacral

At which vertebral level is the medullary cone located in adults?

Vertebral level L1-L2

What sort of nerve fibers travel in the anterior root?

General somatomotor efferent nerve fibers

General viceromotor efferent nerve fibers

What sort of nerve fibers travel in the posterior root?

General somatosensory afferent nerve fibers

General viserosensory afferent nerve fibers

Which cisterns are used for CSF withdrawal?

Cistern magna

Cerebromedullary cistern

Lumbar cistern

What are the names of (both potential and real) spaces between the layers of the spinal meninges?

Epidural space (real-arterial bleeding)

Subdural space (possible-venuous bleeding)

Subarachnoid space (real)

Which pathways travel in the anterior funiculus?

Sensory:

Ant spinothalamic tr

Spinoreticular

Spinotectal

Motor:

Tectospinal

reticulospinal tract

Ant corticospinal

Which pathways travel in the lateral funiculus?

Sensory:

Spinoolivary tract

Lateral spinothalamic

Ant spinocerebellar

spinotectal

Motor:

Bulbospinal

Rubrospinal

Lat corticospinal

Which pathways travel in the posterior funiculus?

Fasiculus grallice

Fasiculus cunatus

What are Rexed laminae (spinal laminae of Rexed)?

Layers of spinal gray matter based on the presence of neural cells with the same function

How many Rexed laminae are found in the gray matter of spinal cord?

10

Where does the 1st cervical nerve exit from the vertebral column?

Between the occipital bone and the atlas vertebrae

Where does the 8th cervical nerve exit from the vertebral column?

Between the C7 vertebrae and T1 vertebrae

What make up the cauda equina?

root nerves for lumbar sacral and coccygeal nerves(L2-L5) (S1-S5)(Co1)

Which cranial nerves exit from the retro-olivary groove?

Glossopharangeal (IX)

Vagus (X)

Accessory (XI)

Which cranial nerves exit from the pre-olivary groove?

Hypoglossal (XII)

Which cranial nerves exit from the pontocerebellar angle?

Facial nerve

vestibulocochlear

Where does the oculomotor nerve exit from the brainstem?

Interpeduncle fossa

Where does the trochlear nerve exit from the brainstem?

Inferolateral to the inferior colliculus

Where does the trigeminal nerve exit from the brainstem?

Lateral aspect of pons, next to middle cerebellar puduncle

Where does the abducent nerve exit from the brainstem?

Bulbopontine sulcus

Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit from the brainstem?

Pre-olivary groove

What is the name of the floor of 4th ventricle?

Rhomboid fossa

What are the names of the outlets of 4th ventricle

Median aperture →foramen of magendie

Lateral aperture →foramen of luschka

What is the name of the channel which connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

Cerebral aqueduct

Name the vital centers of reticular formation.

Respiratory and cardiovascular centers

What is the function of the ventral posteromedial nucleus?

Receives sensory information from head and neck (via trigeminal and solitariothalamic pathways) and sends it to the post-central gyrus

What is the function of the ventral posterolateral nucleus?

Receives sensory information from the trunk and limbs (via medial leminiscus and spinothalamic pathway) and sends it to postcentral gyrus

What is the function of the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei?

Control of motor movement

Motor circuit is basal ganglia, cerebellum, cortex

What is the function of the anterior thalamic nuclei?

Part of the limbic system; emotions, memory, behavior (papez circuit)

Which thalamic nucleus belongs to the limbic system?

anterior thalamic nucleus + has mediodorsal nucleus connections

Name at least three functions of the hypothalamus.

Controls autonomic nervous system

Controls endocrine system

Controls body hemostasis

What does the arcuate (infundibular) nucleus produce?

GhRH, GnRH, Dopamine

What do the paraventricular and supra-optic nuclei produce?

Vasopressin

oxytocin

Which hormone does the pineal gland produce?

Melatonin

What is the interpretation of the association fibers?

Axons are contained to one hemisphere and connect one cortical to another.

What is the interpretation of the commissural fibers?

They connect between the 2 hemispheres

Which pathways travel in the anterior limb of internal capsule?

Anterior thalamic radiation

Frontopontine

Which pathways travel in the genu of internal capsule?

Corticonuclear tract

In which part of the internal capsule does the optic radiation run?

Retrolenticular part

In which part of the internal capsule does the acoustic radiation run?

Sublenticular part

In which part of the internal capsule do the corticospinal fibers?

Posterior limb

Which branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the internal capsule?

anterior limb: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half)

and anterior cerebral artery (inferior half)

- posterior limb: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half)

and anterior choroidal artery (inferior half)

- genu: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery

In which gyrus is the primary somatomotor area located?

Precentral gyrus (B4)

In which gyrus is the primary somatosensory area located?

postcentral gyrus (B 3,1,2)

In which gyrus is the primary auditory area located?

Transverse temporal gyri (Heschls convolutions BA 41,42)

In which gyrus is the primary visual area located?

Cuneus and lingual gyrus (BA 17, 18)

In which gyrus is the Broca's motor speech area located?

In the inferior frontal gyrus (In the opercular and triangular part; BA44 45)

In which gyrus is the Wernicke's sensory speech area located?

Supra-marginal gyrus, angular gyrus, superior temporal gyrus (BA 39,40,22)

In which gyrus is the Brodmann areas 3, 1, 2 located?

Postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory)

In which gyrus is the Brodmann area 4 located?

Pre-central gyrus (primary somatomotor)

In which gyrus is the Brodmann area 6 located?

Superior and middle frontal gyri (premotor and supplementary motor cortex)

In which gyrus is the Brodmann area 8 located?

Frontal eye field - posterior part of Middle frontal gyrus

What is the major function of the Brodmann area 17?

Primary visual cortex

What is the major function of the Brodmann area 22?

Responsible for auditory processing and complex language comprehension (wernickles area)

What is the major function of the Brodmann area 41?

Primary auditory cortex, responsible for producing sound information

What is the major function of the Brodmann areas 44, 45?

Responsible for producing and processing language (Brocas area)

What make up the striatum?

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Name the cerebellar nuclei:

Dentate nucleus

Eboliform nucleus

Globose nucleus

Fastigial nucleus

Name the lobes of the cerebellum.

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

Flocculondular lobe

Name some functions of the cerebellum.

Maintaining posture and balance

Maintaining muscle tone

Coordination of voluntary movement

Which artery gives rise to the vertebral artery?

Subclavian artery

Which direct branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the largest part of the

superolateral surface of cerebral cortex?

Middle cerebral artery

Which direct branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the largest part of medial

surface of cerebral cortex?

Anterior cerebral artery

Name three areas of the brain which are devoid of blood-brain barrier.

Area postrema, median eminence of infundibulum, pineal gland

What are the names of (both potential and real) spaces between the layers of the

cranial meninges?

Epidural space (possible), subdural space (possible), subarachnoid (real)

Which diencephalic structures are parts of the Papez circuit?

Mammillary bodies and anterior thalamic nucleus

What are the functions of the limbic system?

Emotions, behavior, memory

What brain areas are connected by the fornix?

Hippocampus → mammillary bodies

What are choroid plexuses? What are their function?

Network of ependymal cells and capillaries that produce CSF

What are the layers of the meninges?

Dura matter

Arachnoid matter

Pia matter

Where does the absorption of CSF take place? Which anatomical structures are

involved in this process?

From the subarachnoid space to the superior sagittal sinus through the arachnoid grandulations

What is the interpretation of the allocortex?

Its is the phylogenetically older cortex made up of the archicortex and paleocortex. It has 3×4 layers

What is the interpretation of the isocortex?

Its the phylogenetically newer and more advanced part of the cortex, it makes up 90% of the cerebral cortex and it has 6 layers. Includes primary motor, auditory, sensory, and visual

Which artery passes through the cavernosus sinus?

Internal carotid artery

What brain areas does basilar artery supply?

Cerebellum, pons, and midbrain

Name three association fiber systems of the telencephalon

Cingulum, superior and inferior longitudinal Fasciculus , uncinate Fasiculus

Which mesencephalic area contains the highest density of dopaminergic neurons?

Substantia Nigra

What is the function of the area postrema?

Chemoreceptor zone to trigger vomiting

Which anatomical/physiological system includes the Papez circuit?

Limbic system

Name three commissural fiber systems of the telencephalon.

Corpus callosum, anterior and posterior commissure, and hippocampal commissure