respiration

this is a type respiration that requires oxygen and produces energy in the form of ATP by breaking down glucose and other substrates.

aerobic respiration

a type of respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing energy in the form of ATP through the partial breakdown of glucose.

anaerobic respiration

This is the first step in aerobic and anaerobic respiration it’s main role is to convert glucose into pyruvate but it also produces some ATP and reduced NAD this process does not require oxygen.

glycolysis

this is the process by which glucose gains two phosphate groups from two molecules of ATP.

phosphorylation

this the process by which the fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate is split into two molecule of triose phosphate or TP .

lysis in glycolysis

what are the four steps of glycolysis

• phosphorylation (two ATP molecules donate their phosphate groups forming fructose1,6 bisphosphate)

• lysis

• dehydration(the two molecules of TP are oxidized forming molecules of reduced NAD)

• ATP production(TP molecules are converted to two pyruvate molecules and ATP is formed through substrate-linked phosphorylation).

what process forms ATP without the involvement of an electron transport chain e.g. ATP is formed when phosphate groups molecules are transferred from TP and ATP

Substrate -Linked phosphorylation

what are the 3 products of glycolysis

• Four ATP molecules

• two molecules of reduced NAD

• two molecules of pyruvate

what stage of aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and connect glycolysis with the Krebs cycle that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix ?

This is the link reaction .

what are the 6 steps of the link reaction ?

• Active transport of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix by specific carrier proteins

• Each pyruvate molecule is decarboxylated losing a molecule of CO2

• CO2 diffuses out of the mitochondrial matrix

• Pyruvate molecules are oxidized forming two molecules of acetate

• reduced NAD is formed by the reduction of the coenzyme NAD using the hydrogen from the oxidized pyruvate

• Acetate binds to coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A(acetyl COA)

what are the three products of link reaction

• Acetyl COA (acetate + coenzyme A)

• reduced NAD(reduced by H from pyruvate)

• carbon dioxide

what process happens in the mitochondrial matrix which is responsible for processing acetyl COA to prepare a substate for oxidative phosphorylation.

This is a Krebs reaction

What are the 5 steps of the Krebs cycle ?

• Acetyl COA (2c) merges with oxaloacetate (4c)molecule to form a citrate (6c)molecule

• citrate is decarboxylated releasing 2 CO2 molecules

• citrate is dehydrogenated to reduce three molecules of NAD and one of FAD

• Each acetyl COA in the cycle produces one ATP by substate-level phosphorylation

• oxaloacetate is regenerated for the next cycle

what is the role of reduced FAD and reduced NAD

the help carry hydrogen and electrons into oxidative phosphorylation .

what stage of the aerobic respiration takes in inner mitochondrial membrane of the Cristae and generates ATP by using the flow of protons through ATP synthase ?

This is called oxidative phosphorylation .

what process diffuses protons across the partially permeable inner mitochondrial membrane down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase channels .

chemiosmosis

what is are the main 8 steps that take place during oxidative phosphorylation

• reduced NAD and FAD releases hydrogen transferring protons (H+) and electrons (e-) into the mitochondrial matrix .

• high energy e- are passed to an electron carrier molecules from reduced NAD and FAD.

• e- are transferred will releasing energy through a series of e- carrier molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane

• the energy is for active transport of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane .

• Increasing H+ in the intermembrane space creates a steep electrochemical gradient of H+ across the inner membrane.

• Chemiosmosis takes H+ back to the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase

• releasing energy and catalyst that form ATP from ADP+ Pi

• To maintain the H+ gradient oxygen acts as an electron transporter adding e- and h- forming water

what type of anaerobic respiration happens in yeasts and plants ,where pyruvate is decarboxylated using CO2 to make ethanal which than reduce by hydrogen from reduced NAD catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase ,produced ethanol and NAD, ethanol is then removed as a waste product.

This is alcohol fermentation

what type of anaerobic respiration happens in animals and bacteria ,where pyruvate accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase , this produces lactic and NAD, lactic acid is oxidized back to pyruvate .

This is called lactic acid fermentation

what are the 5 anaerobic adaptations in flooded rice

• stems elongate to keep leaves above water levels

• aerenchyma tissues forms to transport oxygen around the plant

• alcoholic fermentation allows rice generate ATP with low oxygen available

• plants can tolerate the increasing ethanol

• can produce ethanol dehydrogenase to break down ethanol