U.S. History: Native American Nations, Civil Rights, and Women's Suffrage

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Native American tribal history, foundational civil rights legislation, key Supreme Court rulings, and the women's rights and suffrage movements.

Black Hawk

A 65-year-old Sauk warrior who, in 1832, led approximately 1,000 Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo men, women, and children (including about 500 warriors) across the Mississippi River to reclaim land in Illinois surrendered to the U.S. in 1804.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief, orator, military leader, and advocate of an intertribal Indian alliance who directed resistance to white rule in the Ohio River valley and joined British forces during the War of 1812 to capture Detroit and invade Ohio.

Mandan

A 19th-century Native American people who resided in dome-shaped earth lodges clustered in stockaded villages, with each village typically led by three chiefs: one for war, one for peace, and one for daily village leadership.

Apache

A Southwestern Native American people guided across generations by leaders such as Chochise and Geronimo to resist white colonization of their homeland by both Spanish forces and North American settlers.

Roe Vs. Wade

The landmark Supreme Court case that led to the legalization of abortion after Norma McCorvey challenged abortion laws on the grounds that they violated a woman's right to privacy.

Prejudice

To judge beforehand.

Discrimination

To notice a difference and to treat differently.

Racism

The belief in racial superiority.

De Facto Segregation

Separation of groups that occurs by choice and/or tradition.

De Jure Segregation

Separation of groups by law or institution.

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that announced there would be no slavery in any state of the United States.

14th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that prohibits states from denying the rights and privileges of citizenship to any citizen and extended citizenship to Black Americans.

15th Amendment

Constitutional amendment declaring that no person shall have their right to vote denied on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

Constitutional amendment that outlawed the poll tax.

Plessy v Ferguson

An 1896 Supreme Court case that established the 'Separate but Equal' doctrine, permitting state governments to enact segregationist laws and policies known as 'Jim Crow.'

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Supreme Court case that ruled public schools must be desegregated with 'all deliberate speed.'

Emancipation Proclamation

Presidential proclamation that freed slaves in all territories held by states in rebellion against the Union during the Civil War.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Federal legislation that forbade discrimination in public facilities, such as restaurants and parks, and banned discrimination in the use of federal funds.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Federal law that authorized federal officials to register voters in states and jurisdictions where local officials practiced racial discrimination.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Federal legislation that forbade discrimination in housing based on race.

Booker T. Washington

A 19th-century intellectual born into slavery who founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in 1881 and the National Negro Business League two decades later, advised Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, and engaged in prominent debates with W. E. B. Du Bois regarding segregation.

Lucretia Mott

Reformer who, alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton (referred to in source texts as Elizabeth Lady Stanton), campaigned extensively for women's rights.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights figure known as 'The First Lady of Civil Rights' whose arrest in Montgomery, Alabama, initiated a campaign against segregated public buses and helped spark a wider movement against Jim Crow laws.

Betty Friedan

Women's rights activist and author of the influential book The Feminine Mystique.

Sojourner Truth

Former enslaved woman and orator over 6 feet tall who delivered the 'Ain't I a Woman?' speech in Akron, Ohio; she aided escaping slaves during the 1850s, rallied Union troops and organized supplies during the Civil War, worked with the Freedmen's Bureau, won a legal case against a discriminatory streetcar conductor in Washington, D.C., and petitioned Congress for land for former slaves.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Baptist minister and pivotal leader of the Civil Rights Movement beginning in the mid-1950s who advocated peaceful, active resistance; his assassination sparked riots in numerous American cities.

Natchez

A Native American civilization along the east bank of the lower Mississippi River characterized by a caste system, hereditary aristocracy, and a primary leader and high priest titled the Great Sun, who was believed to descend from the sun.

Red Cloud

Principal chief of the Oglala Teton Dakota (Sioux) who led a successful resistance campaign against the U.S. government's development of the Bozeman Trail.

Jeanette Rankin

The first woman to hold a seat in the United States House of Representatives.

Margaret Sanger

A New York nurse who conceived the idea for 'the pill' and later established the nation's first birth control clinic.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Prominent political activist who organized the Seneca Falls Convention and authored the foundational 'Declaration of Sentiments.'

Emma Willard

Educator who opened a high school and demonstrated that women could succeed both as students and as professional educators.

Elizabeth Blackwell

The first woman to graduate from medical school, who subsequently co-founded a women's medical college with Florence Nightingale.

Katherine McCormick

Philanthropist who decided against having children due to her husband's mental illness and provided the majority of the funding required for birth control research.

Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee)

One of the world's oldest participatory democracies, originally formed by five (and later six) nations across upper New York state that played a pivotal strategic role in 17th- and 18th-century imperial conflicts between the French and British.

Hopi

A Southwestern Native American people whose origin traditions recount ancestors ascending through subterranean chambers termed kivas before establishing settlements in the Fourth World.

Cherokee

One of the largest politically integrated Indigenous nations at the time of European arrival; their name stems from a Creek word signifying 'people of different speech.'

Susan B. Anthony

A prominent women's suffrage campaigner who died before the passage and enactment of the 19th Amendment.

White House Suffrage Demonstrations

Protests conducted by suffragists outside the White House gates, which routinely resulted in the participating women being arrested.

Seneca Falls Convention

The historic 1848 gathering recognized as the marker and official beginning of the United States Women's Rights Movement.

Night of Terror

An episode of severe mistreatment inflicted on imprisoned suffragists after they formally requested to be treated as political prisoners.

19th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that constitutionally secured and guaranteed women the right to vote across the United States.