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Copernicus

Proposed heliocentric sun-centered universe

Galileo

Used telescope to support heliocentrism and challenged the Church

Boyle

Developed Boyle’s Law and helped found modern chemistry

John Locke

Argued for natural rights and government by consent

Baron de Montesquieu

Created idea of separation of powers and checks and balances

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Developed social contract and idea of general will

Thomas Hobbes

Believed strong government needed to prevent chaos

Voltaire

Supported religious tolerance and free speech

Natural Rights

Rights people are born with like life liberty and property

Social Contract

Agreement that government rules with consent of the people

Reason and Progress

Belief that logic and science improve society

Challenging Authority

Questioning traditional power of church and monarchs

Causes of the American Revolution

Taxation without representation and British control

Stamp Act

1765 tax on printed materials in colonies

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Document declaring independence and natural rights

Thomas Jefferson

Main author of Declaration of Independence

Purpose of the American Revolution

Gain independence and self-government

Effects of the American Revolution

Created United States and inspired other revolutions

How the Constitution Reflected Enlightenment Ideas

Separation of powers checks and balances and natural rights

Causes of the French Revolution

Social inequality debt and Enlightenment ideas

Louis XVI

French king executed during revolution

1st Estate

Clergy in France

2nd Estate

Nobility in France

3rd Estate

Commoners including peasants and middle class

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Declared equality and natural rights in France

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Put Catholic Church under state control

War between France and Europe

European monarchies fought to stop revolution

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of radical revolution and Terror

Committee of Public Safety

Controlled France during Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions to protect revolution

Directory

Weak government before Napoleon seized power

Napoleon–Wars (Napoleonic Wars)

Series of wars expanding French empire

Napoleon–Laws (Napoleonic Code)

Law code establishing equality before law but limiting women

Congress of Vienna

Meeting restoring monarchies and balance of power

Conservatism

Support for tradition monarchy and social order

Liberalism

Support for rights constitutions and limited government

Nationalism

Pride in shared culture and desire for own nation

Latin American and Haitian Revolutions

Independence movements inspired by Enlightenment

Causes of the Latin American Revolutions

Creole resentment Enlightenment ideas weak Spain

Causes of the Haitian Revolution

Slave oppression and influence of French Revolution

Simón Bolívar

Leader who freed much of South America

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led revolt against Spain

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of Haitian slave revolt