Global Security and Fusion

Global Security

Empowers the global community to address international and transnational security issues, such as countering terrorism, nuclear proliferation, cyber defense, disaster and humanitarian relief, and conflict resolution through multilateral security cooperation, capacity building, and information sharing.

Where was the Schengen Agreement signed?

Schengen, Luxemburg

When was the Schengen Agreement signed and implimented

June 14th, 1985, and fully implemented in 1995

What is the Schengen Zone

An agreement between 29 countries that allows for the free movement of people, trains, trucks and things that go. No passport or visa checks occur at member state's borders.

Why is the Schengen zone under scrutiny?

It allows for free movement of adversaries and leads to displaced migrants (Syria, Iraq)

Critical Global Security Mission Sets

Intelligence and information sharing

Border and Transportation Security

Maritime Security

Disaster relief

Counterterrorism

Critical Infrastructure Protection

Defense against Catastrophic Threats

Emergency Preparedness and Response

Col'D Global Security Mission Sets

1. Catastrophic Terrorist Attack with CBRNE

2. Chinese espionage against the US (cyber, illegals posing as migrants and students)

3. Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

4. Regional Instability: Russia/Ukraine, Iran/Middle East, India/Pakistan, and China/Taiwan

5. Cyber Attack on Critical Infrastructure

6. Drug Cartels and Transnational Criminal Organizations (Fentanyl, Human Trafficking)

What is CBRNE

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives

States and Soverignty

Only states hold sovereignty and exercise authority over territory. States have national interests, which drive decision-making and policy; so do nationalism and pride.

What country is the only remaining true super power following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?

The United States

What is a fragile state?

A state teetering on failure. A country where the central government lacks the authority, capacity, or legitimacy to perform basic sovereign functions, leaving its population exposed to severe security and economic risks.

Is the US a perfect state?

No, while it is strong, it is stable, not exactly sustainable due to separation of ideals, political corruption, etc.

What is the color of corruption?

A map demonstrating how corruption exists everywhere

What are the 6 LEAST corrupt countries?

Denmark, New Zealand, Finland, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland

What are the 6 MOST corrupt countries?

North Korea, Yemen, South Sudan, Syria, Somalia

What is a Global Intergovernmental Organization

An organization open to countries from all around the world, as long as they meet the general membership or ratification criteria

What is an example of a Global Intergovernmental Organization?

UN (United Nations) and Interpol

What is a Regional Intergovernmental Organization

Limited to countries situated within a specific geographic, continental, or subcontinental region. Members often share close historical, cultural, economic, or security ties.

What are some examples of a Regional Intergovernmental Organization?

NATO, EU, Shanghai Cooperation Organizations (SCO)

What does NATO stand for?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

What are the Pros of Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO)?

Hold state-like authority

Permanent Institutions

Forum for discussion and info sharing

Foster multilateral cooperation

What are the Cons of IGOs?

Membership is limited

Member states must give up some sovereignty - weakens individual state authority

Inequality between states

Agreement by Consensus (NATO) - 32 nations

- Everyone has to agree, not just majority

The United Nations (UN) was established when?

October 24th, 1945

What was the formation of the UN based on?

The UN Charter from 1945 as a replacement for the ineffective League of Nations

What was the main reason the UN was established?

To prevent another WWII

Where is the UN Headquarters?

New York City

How many member states are there in the UN

193

How many observer states are there in the UN and who are they

2, the Holy Sea (Vatican), and the Palestinian Authority

How many nations are on the UN Security Council

15

How many permanent members are on the UN Security Council and who are they?

5 - US, UK, France, China, and Russia

What is the UN dedicated to?

The eradication of terrorism worldwide, but primarily enforces UN Resolutions around the world in Peacekeeping Operations

What body of the UN is responsible for combating terrorism and how does it do it?

The UN Security Council - through resolutions and establishing subsidiary bodies

When did the UN adopt a Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy

September of 2006

What is Interpol and where is it headquartered

The largest international police organization in the world, headquartered in Lyon, France.

How many countries are in Interpol?

196

What country is not allowed in Interpol?

North Korea

What are the National Central Bureaus (NCB)

Centers that allow for cross-border investigations that focus on law enforcement communications and info sharing.

When was NATO signed

April 4th 1949

How many founding members are in NATO

12

How many times has NATO expanded and how many countries are currently in it?

11 times over 76 years to include 32 members

Who was the most recent country to join NATO, and when?

Sweden - March 7th 2024

How does NATO vote?

By consensus, meaning every nation must agree and only one needs to dissent for actions to not pass

What is the NATO Response Force?

NOT a standing military, but NATOs capability to combine the niche capabilities of its participation nations

What was the NATO-Russia Council (NCR) and when/why was it suspended?

The NCR was suspended on April 1st, 2014 after Russia illegally annexed Crimea and occupied eastern Ukraine

Which country does not provide defense forces to the NRF?

Iceland - they have no military

What is Article V (five) of NATO's treaty

An attack on one is an attack on all

When was the first Article V enacted?

After 9/11

What percentage of a country's GDP does NATO require members spend on defense?

2%

What percentage is NATO considering increasing their defense spending requirement to?

5%

What country spends the most of its GDP on defense?

Poland

What countries are below the NATO 2% guideline as of 2024?

Croatia, Portugal, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain

What are the NATO Centers of Excellence (COE)

Centers that provide specialized expertise and train military, civilian, and the private security sector to prepare allies and partner nations for real-world situations and operations

What is the focus of the Romania COE

Human Intelligence

What is the focus of the Hungary COE

Military Medicine

What is the focus of the Estonia COE

Cooperative Cyber Defense

What is the focus of the Turkey COE

Defense Against Terrorism

What is the focus of the Bulgaria COE

Crisis Management and Disaster Response

What country is on staff for all of them with Subject Matter Experts?

United States

What are the multilateral planning considerations?

Command and control

Communications Systems Compatibility

Language, Culture, and Sovereignty

Intelligence Sharing (bilateral and multilateral)

Host Nation Support for Health Services

Multinational Logistics and Interoperability (ACSA)

Legal Protections (SOFA)

What is the ANZUS Treaty?

A security agreement between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States - aka a military alliance - that employs the Article V rule of NATO

When was the ANZUS signed?

September 1st 1951

What makes New Zealand a special consideration for military agreements?

It is a nuclear-free zone

What two members of the Five-Eye club are not in NATO?

Australia and New Zealand

What are the Geneva Conventions?

A compilation of four treaties and three protocols that establish the standards of international law for the humane treatment of people

What do the first and second protocols of the Geneva Conventions do?

Protect victims of international and non-international armed conflicts

What does the third protocol of the Geneva Conventions do?

Adopt the distinctive Red Cross emblem

When are the Geneva Conventions applicable?

In times of war, soldiers are no longer combatants - prisoners of war, sick or wounded personnel, and shipwrecked personnel.

How many countries ratified the treaty during the fourth convention of 1949?

196

What is the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA)

Agreement between a host country and a foreign nation stationing military forces in the country. It establishes the rights and privileges of foreign personnel and is most concerned with protecting military personnel.

What country has the largest foreign presence and accounts for the most SOFAs?

The US

What are Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA)?

Bilateral negotiations between the US and our allies that allow our forces to exchange logistical support, such as fuel, ammunition, equipment, and food, for reimbursement as cash, replacement in kind, or an equal value exchange.

What does the ACSA diminish and enhance?

It diminishes logistical burdens (transportation costs, shipping), enhancing operational readiness

What is intelligence?

The timely flow of analyzed information and the process by which specific types of information important to national security are requested, collected, analyzed, and provided to policy makers.

How are the processes and information from intelligence safeguarded?

counterintelligence activities

When was the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRPTA) signed?

Signed by POTUS on December 17th, 2004

What did the IRTPA do?

It created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) in order to improve information sharing, promote a strategic, unified direction, and ensure integration across the nation's intelligence community

When did the ODNI begin?

April 21st, 2005, despite being created by the IRTPA act of 2004.

Who is the current ODNI Director?

Jay Clayton

What event was the catalyst for the IRTPA (2004)

9/11

What agencies is the Director of National Intelligence tasked with the direct supervision of?

The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)

National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)

National Counterproliferation Center (NCPC)

National Intelligence Council (NIC)

What duty did the ODNI take over from the CIA?

The Presidential Daily Briefing (PDB)

What year was the CIA created?

1947, as the first national-level intelligence agency

What was the CIA focused on before 9/11?

It focused on intelligence operations with an emphasis on traditional Cold War enemies.

What is the CIA's mission?

We are the nation's first line of defense. We accomplish what others cannot accomplish and go where others cannot. We carry out our mission by:

Collecting info that reveals the plans, intentions, and capabilities of our adversaries and provides a basis for decisions and actions.

Producing timely analysis that provides insight, warning, and opportunity to the President and decision makers charged with protecting and advancing America's interests

Conducting covert action at the direction of the President to preempt threats or achieve US policy objectives

What does the Directorate of Analysis (DA) do?

Converts raw data and info into useful intelligence. It is organized by sections/offices that focus on a specific geographic or topical area.

What is the Directorate of Operations (DO)?

The clandestine arm of the CIUA and the national authority for the coordination, deconfliction, and evaluation of clandestine operations across the US intelligence community

What is the Directorate of Science and Technology?

The CIA branch with the mission to create equipment and procedures to aid the mission of the CIA.

What is the Directorate of Support (DS)?

Branch that provides the essential administrative, technical, and logistical foundation needed to execute the agency's intelligence missions

What is the newest branch of the CIA?

The Directorate of Digital Innovations

What is the intelligence cycle?

Direction Setting/planning, collection, processing, analyzing, dissemination/exploitation, and feedback

What are the methods of intel collection?

HUMINT, SIGINT (which includes communications intelligence and electronic intelligence), GEOINT, Measures and signatures intelligence (MASINT), and OSINT

What convention protects HUMINT?

Vienna Conventions

What countries are a part of the Five Eyes?

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and United States

Why do we share intelligence?

It is a form of international cooperation that delivers more or better intelligence and can give decision makers new perspectives on the problems they face and the likely effects of the policies they select.

Advantages of intelligence sharing to the US

Gives US access to info that they couldn't typically get

Foreign liaison partners may be able to gather information more quickly than US assets

Partners have better cultural insights

And the ability to quickly respond with military to solve a problem

Partners provide cover to assets

Disadvantages of intelligence sharing to the US

Liaison may give our adversaries our secrets (trust)

They may conduct hostile collection or counterintelligence against us

Poor intelligence gathering: not as savy or technologically advanced as us

May use unethical or illegal methods

What are the two barriers to intelligence?

Bargaining challenge and enforcement challenge

What is the bargaining challenge

How participating states share the costs and benefits of a cooperative engagement

Considerations about intelligence bargaining

What kind of intel does your state need?

Which states may have that intel?

Does your state have intelligence that might be valuable to ours?

Negotiate with state as to what intel each will collect and how to share it

What other compensation can be negotiated?

How much is each state willing to invest in resources for the agreement?

Issues affecting arrangement: Human rights, ethics, quality control, and security measures

What is the enforcement challenge?

When an acceptable cost-benefit agreement is hammered out, it needs to be enforced. In the top-secret business of intel, how can a state know if their new intel sharing parter is following the terms of the agreement?