The Behaviourist Approach

Define Classical Conditioning

• Learning by association

• UCS, UCR (BEFORE conditioning)

• UCR is present during both Before & During conditioning

What is the UCS in classical conditioning

• Unconditioned Stimulus

• NATURAL stimulus that

• Produces a response no matter what

• Human see delicious food (UCS) → hungry

• Dog see food → salivate

What is the UCR

• AUTOMATIC and natural

• reaction to the stimulus

• Stimulus = food

• Response = AUTOMATICALLY hungry

• Human see delicious food → hungry

• Dog see food → salivate

Define what the NS is

• Neutral response

• Something that before conditioning

• Has NO effect or response on the participant

• Used DURING Conditioning

Define what the NS is usually paired with

• NS is paired with UCS

• Paired and repeated for association

• Ex, Bell sound = NS (No response before conditioning)

• Paired with Food = UCS

• During conditioning,

• The dog learns to associate bell with food

What is the CS and CR

• Conditioned Stimulus & Response

• This is always AFTER conditioning

• 
  

Describe how Skinner investigated the effect of reinforcement on behaviour

• Operating Conditioning → Learning through consequences of certain behaviour

• Skinner Box, Highly controlled environment on animals (Rats and Pigeons)

• Positive Reinforcement, Pleasant stimuli (Reward) for following behaviour so it is likely to be repeated

• Negative Reinforcement, REMOVAL or avoidance of unpleasant stimuli

Define Token Economy

• Behavioural altering system

• Where someone is rewarded

• For a certain behaviour

• Increasing the chance that they would repeat it

Explain how positive reinforcement might be used to encourage primary school kids to clean up after themselves

• Token economy system

• Positive reinforcement in the form of candy

• Once they clean up 10 times

• They get a piece of candy of their choice

• Encourage vicarious reinforcement

Define vicarious reinforcement

• Other children observe a classmate being publicly praised

• Rewarded by the teacher for picking up litter.

• The result: The observing children emulate the behaviour

• Because they expect to receive the same positive reward themselves.

What is the Skinner Box Experiment

• Used animals in a highly controlled environment (Rat and Pigeon)

• Positive reinforcement = level pressed = food pellet

• Negative reinforcement = electric shock = lever pressed = turn off electric shock = avoid stimulus = level pressing increased

How are 8 markers marked

• Knowledge and understanding (3 marks)

• Application of knowledge (5 marks)

• OUTLINE = Explain

Who is Pavlov?

• Russian soviet physiologist

• Classical Conditioning

• Dog and Saliva

Outline Pavlov's research into classical conditioning

• Learning through association

• Ivan Pavlov using dog experiment

• Describe the experiment

What is Ivan Pavlov’s experiment about (BEFORE)

• BEFORE Conditioning

• Food acted as an UCS),

• Which automatically produced an

• (UCR)

• Of salivation in the dogs

  
  

What is Ivan Pavlov’s experiment about (DURING)

• Bell as NS

• Initially no response

• Repeatedly paired ringing bell with food

What is Ivan Pavlov’s experiment about (AFTER)

• Bell became CS

• Salivation CR

• As the dog thinks about food

• Even though no food is present

How can Pavlov’s research into classical conditioning may be applied to child's fear of school

• School = NS

• Child = distressed due to potential bullying

• Unpleasant event and feeling = UCS

• Unlearned reaction to bullying = anxiety = UCR

• Repeated Trauma (UCS) + School (NS) paired together = association between the two

• So, CS = School and CR = Anxiety and Trauma