HSS 3305 Midterm

Disease

Disturbance of structure/function of the body.

Organic Disease

Explained by deficit in something essential in the organ.

Functional Disease

Abnormal symptoms or changes in function but with no measurable changes in tissues.

Congenital

Pathological condition present since birth.

Hereditary

Genetic, inherited condition (not always congenital).

Inflammatory Disease

Inappropriate inflammatory reaction, can include autoimmune diseases.

Metabolic Disease

Diseases that involve the role of mitochondria.

Neoplasm

Irregular cell growth/proliferation, can be benign or malignant.

Degenerative Disease

Aging-related disease affecting eyes, joints, and more.

Endocrine Disease

Diseases caused by too much or too little hormones, often involve genetic issues.

Malnutrition

Deficiencies or issues related to obesity.

Obstructions/Deposits

Presence of cholesterol and mineral deposits in the body that cause dysfunction.

Pathology

Study of what's wrong in the body.

Pathophysiology

The derange dysfunction in the individual or organ due to a disease.

Pathogenesis

The way disease develops.

Pathogen

Microorganism that causes disease, e.g., bacteria, virus, fungi.

Morphology

The study of the structure or architecture of tissue or organ.

Determinants of Health

Factors that affect health include income, education, and social support.

Diagnosis

Determination of a condition based on signs and symptoms.

Clinical History

The current illness history, past medical history, and social history of a patient.

Diagnostic Tests

Tests like MRI, CT, and blood tests used for evaluation of conditions.

Invasive vs Non-invasive Tests

Invasive tests involve discomfort while non-invasive tests have minimal risk.

Cell Death

A hallmark of disease progression marked by necrosis and apoptosis.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs without causing inflammation.

Necrosis

Cell death due to injury, characterized by messy enzymatic cell digestion.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Increased immune response leading to tissue damage.

Immediate Hypersensitivity

Antibody-mediated allergic reactions.

Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity Reactions

Involves antibodies binding to target cells and mediating tissue injury.

Immune Complex Disease

Deposited antigen-antibody complexes that activate complement and cause tissue damage.

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

Cell-mediated tissue damage, often involving T cells.

Autoimmune Diseases

The immune system attacks its own body, leading to various conditions.

Opportunistic Infections

Infections that occur in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV.

Chronic Inflammation

Long-term inflammatory response that can lead to tissue damage.

Vaccine

Induces immune response that confers protection against infection.

Herd Immunity

When a significant portion of a population is vaccinated, reducing virus spread.

Monogenic Diseases

Diseases caused by mutation in a single gene.

Complex Diseases

Diseases influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

Trisomy 21

A chromosomal condition also known as Down syndrome.

Amniocentesis

A procedure to detect chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Growth deficiency and behavioral problems caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy.

Hypospadias

Urethra opens on the underside of the penis instead of the tip.

Pulmonary Embolism

Blood clot that blocks blood vessels in the lungs.

Asthma

Chronic disease that involves airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease resulting from emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Cystic Fibrosis

Genetic disorder affecting the respiratory and digestive systems due to CFTR gene mutations.

Pneumonia

Lung infection characterized by inflammation and fluid accumulation.

COVID-19

Inflammatory respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

HIV

Virus that attacks the immune system, particularly T-helper cells.

Genetic Diseases

Conditions caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes.

Inflammation

The body's response to injury or infection involving immune cell activation.

T Cells

Type of lymphocyte involved in the immune response, including CD4 and CD8 T cells.

B Cells

Cells that produce antibodies in response to antigens.

Antibody Functions

Include agglutination, neutralization, opsonization, and precipitation.

Active Immunity

Immunity developed by exposure to an antigen, leading to memory cell formation.

Passive Immunity

Immunity gained through transfer of antibodies, as in fetal immunity.

Influenza Types A and B

Virus types responsible for seasonal flu epidemics.

Vaccination Strategies

Include live attenuated, killed, and subunit vaccines.

Antigenic Drift

Mutations in viral genes that can evade immune responses.

HLA Matching

Compatibility assessment for organ transplants based on human leukocyte antigen.

Vascular Lung Disease

Conditions affecting the pulmonary vasculature, affecting gas exchange.

Neoplastic Disease

Cancerous growths in the lungs.

Restrictive Lung Disease

Characterized by reduced lung expansion due to stiffness.

Obstructive Lung Disease

Conditions like asthma and COPD that obstruct airflow.

Restrictive Lung Disease Causes

Including fibrosis, ARDS, and pleural effusion.

Target Cells for HIV

Helper T cells (CD4+), which HIV primarily infects.

Chronic Inflammation Consequences

Increased tissue damage and risk of cancer.

Common Cold Pathogens

Including rhinoviruses and coronaviruses.

Gram Staining

A method to detect bacterial presence in infections.

Diabetes Type 2

A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar.

Chronic Pain Mechanism

Involves ongoing nerve signal transmission to the brain.

Hepatitis Types

Infections affecting the liver, classified as A, B, C, D, and E.

Insulin Functions

Regulates blood glucose levels and fat metabolism.

Health Promotion Strategies

Include physical activity, nutrition, and tobacco control programs.

Preventative Health Services

Services aimed at disease prevention and early detection.