Cell Bio Exam 3

response to signal depends on receptor

core concept 1

the use of signal transduction allows communication to be amplified

core concept 2

cell signaling is tightly regulated

core concept 3

reuptake

SSRIs reduce anxiety/depression by inhibiting ___

hypothyroidism

thyroid stimulating hormone receptor

hypogonadism

follicle stimulating hormone receptor or luteinizing hormone receptor

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

vasopressive receptor

glucocorticoid deficiency

melanocortin 2 receptor

hypocaloric hypercalcemia

calcium sensing receptor

upward, resembling myoglobin

what would the curve for carbon monoxide bound hemoglobin look like?

inactive

GPCRs are ____ when they are bound by GDP

active

GPCRS are ____ when they are bound by GTP

ligand binding

what causes a conformational change in the subunits of a GPCR to enable it to activate the G-protein effector

transmembrane, 2 cytosolic

GPCRs mostly consist of 3 subunits ___

nonpolar polypeptide

which of the following peptides is most likely to bind to a receptor in the nucleus

more serotonin receptors will be bound

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can increase the time serotonin a signaling molecule, spends outside of cells. what effect do SSRIs have on the serotonin receptor equilibrium?

ion channels

some G-protein coupled receptors cause ______ to open

true

cellular responses depend on the type of receptor present; the same signaling molecule can elicit different responses depending on the receptors present

norepinephrine

which of the following pathways is most likely going to result in a short term rapid response by a receiving cell?

dissociation constant

likely to increase the strength and length of a signal by decreasing the ____

concentration of signaling molecule, number of receptor molecules

likely to increase the strength and length of a signal by increasing the _____

signal amplification

allows for a small amount of signaling molecules to generate a large and/or prolonged cellular response

endocrine and paracrine

forms of cell to cell signaling

RAF

what protein would be ideal targets for cancer treatment

cancer cell growth

RAF signals Rb and ETF which leads to ____

frequent irritation of gut lining from inflammation

most likely outcome for the organism if a cytokine receptor is overexpressed in the gut

MAP, Raf, MEK, ERK

kinases include ___

transcriptional activation and deactivation

possible cellular effects of RTK activation

kinases

act as enzymes transferring a phosphate from ATP to a substrate

P13

__kinases are activated by the same receptors as many tyrosine kinase pathways

occurs in cytokine receptor activation and RTKs

dimerization of 2 monomeric receptors, phosphorylation of the activation loop tyrosine, and ligands bind to the monomeric receptors

cytokine receptors

these can activate many of the same kinase pathways as RTKs

wastes molecular resources

why is the Wnt pathway not typically used by unicellular eukaryotes

G-protein and secondary receptor

what information about AIK4 would you need to know to identify what signal transduction pathway is Xdpcp a part of

transactivation

when signaling protein is on a different cell

cisinhibition

if the same signaling protein is produced by the cell with a NOTCH receptor the NOTCH will be ubiquinated

immune, epithelial, cancer cells, embryos

where might you expect NOTCH pathways to be used

effector sensor, stimulus/signal

requirements for a cellular response pathway (such as responding to blood sugar or low oxygen) for a cell to maintain homeostasis

low glucose levels in the blood

which of the following environments would signal the pancreas to STOP releasing insulin

inhibitory: signals initiate opposite responses in the cell

which of the following best describes the relationship between insulin and glucagon

cellular response of insulin pathway in liver cells

phosphorylation of GSK3 for glycogen synthesis increase GLUT2 transporter in membrane

increase GLUT4 transporter in membrane

what is the cellular response of the insulin pathway in fat cells

enzyme receptor

what type of signal transduction pathway best describes the insulin receptor pathway in fat and muscle cells

GPCRs, enzyme, protein

signal transduction pathway 3 main types are ___

signal transduction, direct response, indirect response

hormone signaling pathway 3 main types are ___

insulin and glucagon

2 hormones both produced by the pancreas

insulin independent signaling

IR can be activated by unknown factors in the ECM

receptor independent signaling

E4orf1 is an adenovirus protein that can activate PI3 after infecting a host cell

not bound at the surface

which part of the low oxygen pathway distinguishes it from a signal transduction

gonadal cancers, metabolic diseases, endometriosis

PCOS is associated with increased risk of these diseases ___

inflammation, differentiation, growth, immune responses

cytokines regulate:

notch

this signaling requires direct cell to cell contact

hedgehog

binding activates a pathway that prevents processing or degradation of a transcription factor. factor can then enter the nucleus

wnt

binds a multipass membrane receptor, prevents destruction of a transcription factor, and accumulates and enters the nucleus

proteolysis

wnt and Hh pathways generally prevent ___ of transcription factors

rapid adaptation

receptor phosphorylation or other quick pathway changes

slow adaptation

receptor downregulation through receptor mediated endocytosis

insulin

lowers blood glucose

glucagon

raises blood glucose