Module 8 Intelligence intro to psych DR YBARRA

Intelligence

Ability to think rationally, act purposefully, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.

Spearman's Two-Factor Theory

Intelligence consists of general mental ability (g factor) and specific abilities (s factor).

g Factor (General Intelligence)

Spearman's concept of an underlying general mental ability present in all cognitive tasks.

s Factor (Specific Abilities)

Spearman's concept of mental abilities unique to specific tasks or domains.

7 Primary Mental Abilities

Thurstone's theory: verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical fluency, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning.

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Identifies 9 distinct intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, spiritual-existential.

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Divides intelligence into three types: analytic, creative, and practical.

Emotional Intelligence

Salovey & Mayer's model involving four abilities: perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions.

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to solve novel problems and think abstractly, relatively uninfluenced by schooling.

Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge and skills acquired through experience, culture, and formal education.

Binet-Simon Scale Purpose

To compare French school children and identify those needing special education.

Binet-Simon Scale Administration

Administered one-on-one through various practical tasks.

Mental Age

Concept introduced by Binet comparing a child's performance to the average for their age.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

American revision of Binet's test for ages ~2 to adult; introduced the standard IQ score.

Army Alpha Test

First group-administered written intelligence test, created for literate, English-speaking WWII recruits.

Army Beta Test

Group-administered nonverbal intelligence test created for recruits who were illiterate or non-English speaking.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Modern individual intelligence test for adults (16-90) using verbal and performance subtests.

Original IQ Formula

IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100

Deviation IQ (Modern Calculation)

Standardized score comparing performance to same-age peers with mean=100 and standard deviation=15.

Eugenics Movement

Belief that society can be improved through selective breeding based on inherited traits.

Positive vs. Negative Eugenics

Positive encourages reproduction of "desirable" groups; negative prevents reproduction of "undesirable" groups.

Test Standardization

Uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test across a large, representative sample.

Test Norms

Standardized scores from a representative sample used as a baseline to interpret individual scores.

Normal Distribution (Bell Curve)

Symmetrical curve describing how standard test scores cluster around a mean of 100.

Test Reliability

Consistency of test results over time or across different administrations.

Test Validity

Extent to which a test accurately measures what it intends to measure.

Intellectual Disability Criteria

Deficits in intellectual functioning (IQ ≤ 70), adaptive behavior deficits, and onset during development.

Causes of Intellectual Disability

Genetic factors (Down syndrome), prenatal exposures (FAS), birth complications, or extreme deprivation.

Giftedness

Typically defined as an IQ score of 130 or higher.

Terman's Longitudinal Study

Tracked high-IQ children, debunking the myth that gifted individuals are sickly or maladjusted.

Flynn Effect

Decade-by-decade rise in average population IQ scores throughout the 20th century.

Range of Reaction Theory

Genetics set upper and lower boundaries for intelligence; environment determines final achievement within range.

Group IQ Variance

Variation within any single demographic group is significantly larger than average differences between groups.

Stereotype Threat

Anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one's group that negatively impacts performance.

Creativity

Ability to produce work or ideas that are both novel and useful.

Divergent Thinking

Generating multiple diverse solutions to an open-ended problem; key component of creativity.

Convergent Thinking

Narrowing down possibilities to a single correct answer; typical of traditional IQ tests.

Learning Disabilities

Neurological difficulties with specific academic skills in individuals with average or above-average IQ.

Dysgraphia

Learning disability affecting writing, handwriting, spelling, and organizing thoughts on paper.

Dyslexia

Learning disability affecting word recognition, phonological processing, and decoding written language.

Dyscalculia

Learning disability affecting numerical understanding, math facts, and mathematical calculations.