AP HUG all terms by cecelia

absolute distance

the measurable distance between two places with a standard unit of length (ex: kilometers)

absolute location

The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system.

accessibility

the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place

aggregation

To come together into a mass, sum, or whole

cartograms

A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area.

cartography

The theory and practice of making visual representations of Earth's surface in the form of maps.

chloropleth map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

cognitive map

A mental representation/ image of a place (can include locations and relationships to other places) ex: a college campus

complementarity

the relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions

connectivity

degree of connection between two places, ( can be social, cultural, economic, political)

contagious diffusion

rapid spread of cultural traits, disease, innovation, etc through direct contact w another person or place

ex: viral vid on social media, spreading person to person via phone to phone alike disease

coordinate system

a standard grid, composed of lines of latitude and longitude to determine the absolute location of anything on Earth's surface (object, feature, place)

Cultural Ecology

study of interactions between societies and the natural environments and their natural environments

cultural landscape

the human-modified natural landscape specifically containing the imprint of a particular culture or society.

distance decay effect

The decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases.

(more distance = less interaction)

dot maps

thematic maps that use dots to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrence

(ex: crimes, car accidents, live births)

environmental geography

spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa. (how humans can shape environment and how environment can shape humans), combines human and physical geography

expansion diffusion

the spread of ideas, innovations

formal region

definitions of regions based on common themes like similarities in language, climate, land use, etc

friction of distance

a measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places

fuller projection

A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such (north, south, east, and west--no longer have any meaning)

functional region

a region defined by a common interaction or focal point

geographic information system (GIS)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

geographic scale

the scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon, (ex: global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc.)

like the real world size or extent of an area

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features.

gravity model

a math formula that describes how size of population and distance between two places affects level of interaction

hierarchical diffusion

A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.

human geography

The study of the spatial variation in the patterns and processes related to human activity.

international date line

the lines of longitude which mark where a new day begins

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away, as migrants will choose it by convenience

isoline

A map line that connects points of equal or very similar values.

large scale

A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. Large-scale maps usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small-scale maps.

latitude

distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees

law of retail gravitation

law states that people will be more drawn to larger cities to conduct business since larger cities have wider influence on surrounding land, making for better business

location chart

on a map, a chart or graph that gives specific statistical info about a particular political unit or jurisdiction

longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian

map projection

math formula to project spherical Earth onto a flat surface, distortion

map scale

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.

mercator projection

a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder, heavily distorted making landmasses at the poles appear oversized and is useful for navigation

meridian

a line of longitude between North and South poles

natural landscape

the physical environment unaffected by human activities

nature-society

the study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments in which they live

parallel

An east-west line of latitude that runs parallel to the equator and that marks distance north or south of the equator.

W.D. Pattinson

a geographer who claimed

perceptual region

a region defined by perceived characteristics regarding culture and landscape than reality

peters projection

an equal- area projection centering Africa, so all regions of Earth are shown as equal

physical geography

the study of physical features of the earth's surface

Preference Map

A map that displays individual preferences for certain places.

prime meridian

An imaginary line that divides the earth into Western and Eastern hemispheres

projection

The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.

proportional symbols map

a thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region

ptolemy

Roman geographer-astronomer and author of Guide to Geography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude.

qualitative data

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic, often gathered via interviews, artwork, artifacts, observations, etc

quantitative data

numerical data, associated w statistical analysis

reference map

A map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation.

region

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.

regional geography

The study of geographic regions.

relative distance

describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic, connectivity between two places.

relative location

the position of a place relative to the places around it

relocation diffusion

diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, etc from one place to another through migration

resolution

A map's smallest discernible unit.

robinson projection

Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

Site

physical characteristics of a place

situation

the location of a place relative to other places

spatial diffusion

The ways in which phenomena, such as technological innovations, cultural trends, or even outbreaks of disease, travel over space.

spatial perspective

observing variations in geographic phenomena across space

sustainability

the concept of using Earth's resources in a way to meet needs in present, as well as leaving Earth w resources for future generations

thematic layers

Individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one another in a Geographical Information System to understand and analyze a spatial relationship.

thematic map

a map that displays 1 or more variables within a specific area (ex: population, income level)

time-space convergence

distance decreases between places as technology enables increased communication and interactions between these places

topographic map

a map showing the surface features of an area

transferability

The costs involved in moving goods from one place to another

visualization

Formation of mental visual images w software to make complex computer maps

age- sex distribution

A model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid.

agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit area of farmland

arithmetic density

The number of people living in a given area

baby boom

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II (1946- 1964) w better opportunities encouraging higher rates of marriage and fertility

baby bust

period in 1960s and 1970s in US where birth rates dropped w women seeking higher jobs and education, resulting in later marriage and less birth

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can sustainably support

chain migration

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

child mortality rate

Number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life.

cohort

a population group sharing common characteristic (ex: age, gender)

crude death rate

number of deaths per year per thousand people

crude birth rate

number of live births per year per thousand people

demographic accounting equation

equation summarizes a country's growth or decline in population size during time period, accounting for NIR and net migration

demographic transition model

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

demography

study of human populations and its changes

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force (who cannot work)

doubling time

the time required for a population to double in size

emigration

Migration from a location

epidemiological transition

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition resulting in major population growth

exponential growth

growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size.

forced migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

generation X

people born in US between 1965 and 1978, supports baby boom population into retirement

geodemography

population geography, the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of population, including density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standard, health, age, nutrition, mortality, and mobility.

immigration

Migration to a new location