Early 19th Century U.S. History and the Market Revolution

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering early 19th-century American history, including the Era of Good Feelings, Jacksonian Democracy, the Market Revolution, political parties, reform movements, and major turning points.

Adams-Onís Treaty

A treaty in which the U.S. bought Florida for $5 million.

Monroe Doctrine

A policy declaration in which President Monroe warned Europe to stay out of the U.S. and the Western Hemisphere.

Panic of 1819

A major financial crisis that brought an end to the Era of Good Feelings.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement that split the free and slave states evenly.

Election of 1824 and the Corrupt Bargain

A political controversy marked by perceived corruption that divided America and contributed to the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Market Economy

An economic shift from traditional agriculture to commerce and industrialization, driven by innovations such as the steel plow, cotton gin, telegraph, steam engine, and interchangeable parts.

Northern Market Economy

The regional economy of the North focused primarily on banking, commerce, and related industries.

Midwestern Market Economy

The regional economy of the Midwest centered on agriculture, specifically farming wheat and corn.

Southern Market Economy

A regional economy strictly centered around cotton production and characterized by a brutal plantation economy.

Common Man and Popular Democracy

The political image cultivated by Andrew Jackson, in which he portrayed himself as an ordinary citizen to relate to the people.

Spoils System

The practice utilized under Andrew Jackson's presidency of rewarding political supporters with jobs in the government.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional conflict handled by Andrew Jackson through the passage of the Force Bill and the use of troops to enforce federal law in South Carolina.

Indian Removal

A federal policy authorized by President Andrew Jackson that mandated the removal of all Native Americans to lands west of the Mississippi River.

Second Bank of the United States

The national bank dismantled by Andrew Jackson when he removed all federal deposits, an action that led to the Panic of 1837.

Democrats (Jacksonian Era)

The political party that championed states' rights and laissez-faire economics, drawing primary support from farmers and immigrants.

Whigs

The political party that advocated for a strong federal government, government intervention, and industrialism.

Second Great Awakening

A major religious movement that emphasized free will over predestination, served as a reaction to the market revolution, spread Protestantism, and stressed equality.

"Separate Spheres"

The nineteenth-century doctrine establishing that men and women occupy different gender roles in society.

Second Seminole War

A military conflict sparked because the U.S. government wanted to forcibly move the Seminoles west.

Martin Van Buren

The U.S. President who served in office during the financial collapse known as the Panic of 1837.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A prominent Transcendentalist thinker and writer who encouraged a deep spiritual connection with nature.

Henry David Thoreau

A Transcendentalist thinker and author who actively supported and wrote about civil disobedience.

Hudson River School

A mid-nineteenth-century group of American artists who painted landscapes and scenes of nature.

Liberty Party

An early abolitionist political party that actively opposed slavery through traditional politics.

Free-Soil Party

An anti-slavery political party that opposed the expansion of slavery under the slogan: "Free speech, soil, labor, men."

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

A landmark Supreme Court case that established judicial review, marking a major turning point in American history.

1815

The year marking the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings in the United States.