Intro to Psychology Exam 3: Memory, Social Psychology, and Psychological Disorders

Memory

_________ is learning that has persisted over time.

Encoding, storage, and Retrieval

What are the three memory creation processes?

Encoding

What part of the memory creation process involves getting information into memory?

Effortful and Automatic

What are the two ways that we encode information?

Effortful

What way of encoding requires attention/conscious effort?

Automatically

What way of encoding doesn't require attention/conscious effort? (Info like time, space, order, frequency

Storage

What part of the memory creation process involves retaining information into memory?

(where memories live, no specific location, no "grandma" neuron)

Retrieval

What part of the memory creation process involves recalling or using previously encoded or stored information?

(Getting memory out of storage)

Recall, Recognition, and Relearning

What are three ways we study memory?

Recall

What method of studying memory involves the information you can provide from memory?

Recall

Words you wrote down (effortful encoding) is an example of what method of studying memory?

Recognition

What method of studying memory involves identifying information you have learned before?

Recognition

Indication information you have studied vs information you have not studied is an example of what method of studying memory?

Relearning

What method of studying memory involves the time it takes to relearn information?

Sensory Memory, Working (Short-term) Memory, and

Long-term Memory

What are the three stages of memory formation?

Sensory Memory

What stage forming memories includes a brief memory of sensation but has a large capacity?

Ionic

A sensory memory for something visual is called _________.

Echoic

A sensory memory for something you have heard is called _________.

Working (short-term) Memory

What stage of forming memories includes information that is being actively processed? This is responsible for associating new and old information and problem solving.

Working (short-term) Memory

What stage of forming memories has a small 7 (+/- 2) item capacity and a duration of about 10 seconds to 2/3 minutes but requires active rehearsal (repeating info in head)?

Long-term memory

What stage of forming memories includes relatively permanent memories, and has an unlimited capacity and unlimited duration?

Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural

What are the three types of memories that are based on information in the memory?

Episodic

What memory type is memories for events?

Ex. Personally experienced events

Semantic

What memory type is memories for facts?

Ex. general knowledge

Procedural

What memory type is memories for procedures?

Ex. Motor and cognitive skills

Explicit (declarative) memory

What type of memory can be consciously recalled?

Includes semantic and episodic memory

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

What type of memory involves retention independent of conscious recollection?

Includes procedural memory and priming

Priming

What involves enhanced identification of objects or words and activation (often unconscious) of memory associations?

Anterograde amnesia

__________ ___________ is a neurological condition where a person can't form new long-term memories generally caused by damage to the hippocampus. However, a person with this can retain implicit memories and could learn new skills.

Deja Vu

What is the feeling that you've had the same experience before?

Current situational cues will activate associations with previous memories.

No

Do people store memories in specific discrete locations?

Working (short-term)

__________ memory is maintained with neural activity.

Long-term

__________ memory causes changes in the structure and function if the brain.

Hippocampus

__________ is the area of the brain that is responsible for explicit memories (name-face associations, not long-term storage) and consolidated memories (sleep).

Hippocampus

Damage to the ___________ area of the brain primarily impairs the ability to form new memories, convert short-term memories into long-term ones, and handle spacial navigation.

Ex. Anterograde Amnesia

Cerebellum

The ____________ is the part of the brain that is responsible for implicit memories (skills and classically conditioned associations).

Cerebellum

Damage to the ____________ disrupts the brains ability to coordinate voluntary movement, balance, posture, and smooth muscle control. Also causes difficulty with working memory, planning, language processing, and emotional regulation.

Amygdala

___________ is the area of the brain responsible for emotion and memory (flashbulb memory, emotional associations, boosts activity) and stress hormones (affects glucose availability).

Flashbulb Memory

a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Hippocampus

Prolonged stress, produced by the amygdala, can hurt your brain's ____________, causing problems with memory formation.

Chunking

__________ in the process of encoding memories involves creating meaningful groups of memories.

Hierarchies

__________ in the process of encoding memories involves creating nested categories of memories.

Mnemonic

A __________ is something that helps assist in creating a memory.

Ex. Acronyms

Visually, acoustically, and semantically

What are the three levels of processing in encoding?

Visually

__________ encoded is a shallow level of processing.

Acoustically

___________ encoded is mid-level processing.

semantically

__________ encoded is a deep level of processing.

Imagery Encoding

__________ __________ involves information that is easier to remember.

Ex. Mental pictures, concrete words, vivid (vs dull) things

How long we take to learn it and how meaningful we make it

How much we remember depends on:

1.

2.

Self-reference effect

_________ ___________ involves remembering more information if it relates to you in some way.

Testing Effect

________ _________ involves repeated testing over time to increase memory.

Spaced Retrieval Practice

________ _________ _________ involves information being remembered better when it is rehearsed/recalled over increasing periods of time.

Massed Practice

_________ _________ (cramming) is okay for short-term learning, but not for long-term recall.

Context Effect

________ _________ involves remembering that is assisted by environmental cues.

Ex. scuba study

Mood-Congruency

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood (state dependent memory).

Ex. Rosy Retrospection

Rosy Retrospection

The tendency to rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred.

Serial Position Effect

________ ________ ________ involves the tendency to remember the first (primary effect) and last (recency effect) items in a series best, while forgetting items in the middle.

Primary Effect

________ _________ the tendency to better recall the first item in a series.

Recency Effect

________ _________ is the tendency to better recall the most recent (or last) item in a series.

Social cognition, social influence, and social behavior

What does social psychology examine?

Social Cognition

_________ _________ is the processes by which people come to understand others (how we think about others).

Social Influence

________ _________ is the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual (how we influence each other).

Social Behavior

________ ________ is how human thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (how we relate to each other).

Attribution Theory

________ _________ is how we think about/explain others (or our own) behavior creating situational and dispositional attribution's.

Situational attribution

_________ _________ involves attributing ones behavior to being influenced by their environment.

Ex. Their situation

Dispositional attribution

_________ _________ involves attributing ones behavior to their personality or something within them.

Personality (dispositional attribution), situation (situational attribution)

A fundamental attribution error is that we overestimate the influence of one's ___________ and underestimate the influence of their __________.

Attitude

_________ is a belief based feeling that influences reactions to people, objects, and events.

Can influence our behavior and behavior can influence ________.

ONE WORD!

Persuasion

__________ is the act of changing someones attitude, beliefs and/or behavior.

Central route

The _________ __________ of persuasion involves giving convincing arguments.

Peripheral route

The _________ _________ of persuasion involves giving incidental cues like having an attractive presenter or catchy music.

foot-in-the-door

_______________________ is a technique in changing behavior where you get someone to comply with a small request so that they are more likely to comply with a larger request.

Role playing

_________ __________ was a technique used in the Stanford prison study to investigate how social roles, authority, and institutional environments influence behavior.

Conformity

__________ involves adjusting ones behavior or thinking to match a group standard because of real or imagined pressure.

Asch's line experiment

_______ _______ ________ was a study done on conformity where participants were asked "which line is equal to the standard line?" The confederates answered first, sometimes wrong (critical trials). Greater than 1/3 participants gave same wrong answer.

Milgram Experiment

__________ _________ was a study done on obedience asking "will people obey an order to commit an immoral act?" Study showed that ordinary people will readily obey authority figures with 62.5%-65% participants delivering lethal shock.

Social facilitation

_______ ________ is the phenomena where individuals do easy tasks better in front of groups and do difficult tasks worse in front of groups.

Social loafing

________ _________ is the tendency to exert less effort when in a group.

Deindividuation

A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values (diminished self consciousness)

Psychological Disorders

________ _________ are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

What are the three D words associated with psychological disorders?

Physical

Psychological disorders have _________ causes and can be diagnosed, treated, and (often) cured.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

What is used to classify and label psychological disorders?

Criticisms of classifying/labeling psychological disorders

Psychological labels can be bias and changer reality, arbitrary and betray value of judgements, server as self-fulfilling prophecies, and stigmatize people and add to stereotypes.

Anxiety Disorders

_________ __________ are distressing, persistent, anxiety that is uncontrollable and disrupts everyday moods, activities, and thoughts. Uses maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety (drugs, alcohol, etc.)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Phobias, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD)

What are the major types of Anxiety Disorders?

Hint: 5

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

_________ __________ __________ is characterized by global, persistent, chronic, excessive state of apprehension. Includes free-floating anxiety. Symptoms include: sweating, twitching, trembling, high blood pressure, feeling not in control of stressors, often misinterpreting benign events as threats.

Free-floating anxiety

__________ ___________ is the feeling of being anxious, tense, or on edge for no apparent reason.

Panic Disorder

__________ __________ is characterized by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread (panic attacks). Symptoms include terror, chest pain, choking, or other terrifying sensations. Fears future attacks and may try avoidance.

Phobias

_________ are characterized by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. Generally stem from common fears and negative associations that cause classical conditioning.

Social phobia

________ ________ is a special type of phobia that involves the intense fear of being embarrassed or judged by others in social situations.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

__________ __________ __________ is characterized by two parts: unwanted repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain actions. Performing these actions reduces anxiety and relieves unwanted thoughts.

Obsessions

__________ are unwanted repetitive thoughts.

Compulsions

__________ are urges to perform certain actions.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

__________ __________ __________ is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawals, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lasts four or more weeks after a traumatic event. This is triggered by battle, disasters, accidents, and violent assaults.

Fear conditioning and observational learning

The general roots of Anxiety Disorders from a learning perspective stem from _________ __________ and __________ _________.

Mood Disorders

_________ __________ are significant and persistent disruptions in mood and emotions that impair cognition, behaviors, and physical functioning.

Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder

What are the two major types of Mood Disorders?

Major Depression

_________ __________ is characterized by in general sadness, being depressed most of the day on most days. Includes four categories of symptoms: emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical.

Bipolar Disorder

__________ __________ is characterized by the alternation between depression and mania. The addition of mania is the primary difference between Major Depression and this disorder.